Science - 12 August 2022

144 Pages·2022·37 MB·English

How Musk’s monster rocket could Vocal simplifi cation led to Protecting biodiversity with tools
transform space science speech complexity from the insurance sector
p. 702 pp. 706 & 760 p. 714
$15
12 AUGUST 2022
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GUIDANCE SYSTEM
Death’s-head moths correct course based on
an internal “compass”
p. 764
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C hong Tang, deputy director of research and development, BGI Tech.
Innovative data visualization for gene-related research
A biomedical engineering Ph.D. student at the University of California, Davis, Yongheng related diseases. “I don’t need to go through all the calculations,” she explains. “Dr.
Wang had a problem: He wanted to identify the top 10 targets from thousands of genes Tom is the bridge. With just a couple of clicks, I can see the graphs, which are easy
affected by a drug he developed. The process to mine and extract information would to read.” No programming skills are needed for analyzing these genetic sequences,
normally take a huge investment of time and effort, switching back and forth between she adds. “I really like this very visual Venn diagram comparing the different gene
different programming languages and software packages. W ang was delighted to expressions in samples.”
learn of a solution: an innovative data visualization system called “Dr. Tom” from BGI T his visualization feature is d esigned to be interactive so it is easier to bounce
Genomics, a leading global provider of genomic sequencing and proteomics s ervices, ideas around the team, Tang says. He spent 5 years designing, testing, and fine-
headquartered in Shenzhen, China. tuning Dr. Tom to serve his community, and now Dr. Tom’s web-based interface is
inspiring innovative research and reducing researchers’ headaches.
Developed by a team of expert scientists and bioinformaticians at BGI Genomics, Dr. “The BGI culture is a culture of scientists and for scientists.” Tang says. The
Tom is a powerful tool for analysis, visualization, and interpretation of many types organization considers it so vital to advance scientific discovery that it is gifting this
of data, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), long noncoding RNA-Seq, microRNA- software to the world.
Seq, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, single-cell RNA-Seq, and proteomics data.
Making a mark
Having an easy learning curve, Dr. Tom is also versatile, and most importantly,
allows researchers without backgrounds in bioinformatics to quickly, efficiently, Relying on cutting-edge sequencing and bioinformatics technology, B GI
and reliably create meaningful visualizations. “The intuitive interface allows us to Genomics has provided scientists and researchers in 100 countries and regions
select genes of interest and rank differentially expressed genes based on their fold with integrated solutions across a broad range of applications spanning basic
changes,” says Wang. “Dr. Tom covers all the practical functionalities. I think a high life sciences research, clinical research in human health, and agriculture and
school student could do it.” biodiversity preservation and sustainability.
Since its launch in 2018, Dr. Tom has enchanted more than 15,000 u sers from over
Designed by scientists for scientists
20 countries and regions. “More than 6 0 published papers in the field of disease
Dr. Tom is a project fueled by the passion of Chong Tang, d eputy director of research treatment, developmental regulation, immunity, and e nvironmental adaptation have
and development at BGI Tech. A biochemist and molecular biologist with expertise in shown Dr. Tom to be a valuable and important tool in addition to any institution’s
software engineering, Tang’s extensive experience helped him uncover the specific own internal data curation and analysis efforts,” says Ta ng.
pain point experienced by his r esearch colleagues around the world: Given the BGI Genomics has partnered with academic institutions to offer workshops on
S
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tsunami of 'omics data, there is a critical need for a flexible, easy, and turnkey data leveraging this system effectively, and will be expanding these opportunities to MI
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analysis program. “ I designed it in such a way that scientists will like it,” he says. more c ountries and regions in the future. GI GE
Dr. Tom is designed to be flexible and simple for users with limited computing Sponsored by D BY B
knowledge, notes Margot Maurer, research associate in the Wolfson Centre for VIDE
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Age-Related Diseases at King’s College London. Maurer uses Dr. Tom to analyze the O: P
transcriptomics differences in sensory ganglia to help her investigate RNA and age- HOT
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CONTENTS
706
& 760
12 AUGUST 2022 • VOLUME 377 • ISSUE 6607
NEWS FEATURES 707 Ultra-sounding out a technique
that sticks
702 Prime mover
Ultrasound can be used to promote the
Starship will be the biggest rocket ever.
physical interlocking of adhesives
Are space scientists ready to
IN BRIEF take advantage of it? By S. Scoles and tissues
By J. Es Sayed and M. Kamperman
694 News at a glance
INSIGHTS REPORT p. 751
IN DEPTH 709 Perfluorocubane—a tiny
696 Scientists scramble to set up electron guzzler
monkeypox vaccine trials Perfluorination gives cubane the
Logistical and ethical challenges are PERSPECTIVES capacity to host an extra electron
complicating the design of efficacy 706 When less is more in the in its inner structure
studies By K. Kupferschmidt evolution of language By M. P. Krafft and J. G. Riess
Did loss of vocal fold membranes typical of REPORT p. 756
697 Harassment researchers decry nonhuman primates enable human speech?
proposed reporting rule By H. Gouzoules 710 A soft active matter that can
U.S. Title IX law update requiring mandatory REPORT p. 760 climb walls
OZ reporting of sexual misconduct would cause Mechanical activity of an active fluid
UN harm, they say By K. Langin can be used to control its dynamics
M
O 696 at the boundaries By J. Palacci
D
UAR 698 Star’s midlife crisis illuminates our REPORT p. 768
D
UTERS/E SLounng’s m haisgtnoertyic— lualnl dm fimutiucsr eMaunder 711 Synthetic gene circuits take root
RE Minimum, when sunspots largely disappeared Complex spatial patterns of
RES; 400 years ago By Z. Savitsky gene expression are engineered
CTU in plants to modulate root morphology
N PI 699 Star marine ecologist guilty of By S. Alamos and P. M. Shih
NDE misconduct, university says RESEARCH ARTICLE p. 747
MI
D/ University of Delaware finding vindicates
OM) ZSS whistleblowers By M. Enserink 7p1h2a sAec stievpaatriantgi otrnanslation with
OTT 700 Webb reveals early universe’s Ribonucleoprotein granules allow
B
P TO galactic bounty activation of translation to
OS: (TO Smtuacr hfo framstaetri othna anf tmero tdheel sb higa bda fnogre acpapset ars cBoy mA.p Rleamtea mt aonuds Me sSpimeromnealtigo genesis
PHOT By D. Clery RESEARCH ARTICLE p. 727
SCIENCE science.org 12 AUGUST 2022 • VOL 377 ISSUE 6607 689
0812TOC_15618740.indd 689 8/9/22 5:46 PM
Pushing the Boundaries of Knowledge
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CONTENTS
POLICY FORUM
714 Insurance-sector tools
to combat biodiversity loss
Risk transfer can facilitate nature-positive
investments By C. Kousky
BOOKS ET AL.
717 Our rhythmic existence
A neuroscientist interrogates sleep and
circadian clocks By M. Torres and A. Kramer
718 Longevity lessons
Animal aging could hold clues to 773
healthier human life spans
By C. Brenner
LETTERS Coronavirus 768 Fluid dynamics
720 Protect Brazil’s overlooked 728Broadly neutralizing antibodies Dynamics of active liquid interfaces
Pampa biome target the coronavirus fusion peptide R. Adkins et al.
By J. H. Ellwanger et al. C. Dacon et al. PERSPECTIVE p. 710
720 Brazil’s Pantanal threatened 735ACE2-binding exposes the 773 Evolution
SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide to
by livestock The evolutionary network of
broadly neutralizing coronavirus
By L. Ferrante and P. M. Fearnside whiptail lizards reveals predictable
antibodies J. S. Low et al.
outcomes of hybridization A. J. Barley et al.
721 Tech companies liable for
742 Physical chemistry
illegal wildlife trade 777 Nanophotonics
Proton-coupled energy transfer
By T. Q. Morcatty et al. Cavity-mediated electron-photon pairs
in molecular triads
A. Feist et al.
B. Pettersson Rimgard et al.
RESEARCH
747 Plant science
DEPARTMENTS
Synthetic genetic circuits as a
693 Editorial
means of reprogramming plant roots
Save the Supreme Court and democracy
IN BRIEF J. A. N. Brophy et al.
By M. Sen
722 From Science and other journals PERSPECTIVE p. 711
782 Working Life
REPORTS
REVIEW Finding a new calling By O. Lanes
751 Biomaterials
725 Seismology
Controlled tough bioadhesion
Deep-learning seismology
mediated by ultrasound Z. Ma et al. ON THE COVER
S. M. Mousavi and G. C. Beroza
REVIEW SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: PERSPECTIVE p. 707 A death’s-head hawkmoth (Acherontia
DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABM4470 atropos), fitted with a miniaturized radio
756 Organic chemistry transmitter, is released at dusk in Konstanz,
RESEARCH ARTICLES Electron in a cube: Synthesis and Germany, before a night of tracking. These
characterization of perfluorocubane enigmatic large moths migrate in the
726 Microbiology
as an electron acceptor M. Sugiyama et al. autumn, moving through Europe toward
Prokaryotic innate immunity through
the Mediterranean and
pattern recognition of conserved viral PERSPECTIVE p. 709 possibly as far as Africa.
proteins L. A. Gao et al. Individual tracking has
760 Speech evolution
RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL revealed that these
Evolutionary loss of complexity in human
TEXT:DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABM4096 moths are able to correct
vocal anatomy as an adaptation for speech
for wind drift to maintain
727 Molecular biology T. Nishimura et al. their course during
LLPS of FXR1 drives spermiogenesis PERSPECTIVE p. 706 migration. See page 764.
by activating translation of Photo: Christian Ziegler
764 Insect migration
stored mRNAs J.-Y. Kang et al.
Individual tracking reveals long-distance
RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABJ6647 flight-path control in a nocturnally migrating Science Staff ..............................................692
PERSPECTIVE p. 712 moth M. H. M. Menz et al. Science Careers .........................................781
USE
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692 12 AUGUST 2022 • VOL 377 ISSUE 6607 science.org SCIENCE
EDITORIAL
Save the Supreme Court and democracy
T
he US Supreme Court has been busy. It recently Roberts could be considered center-right, new medi-
overturned a nearly 50-year-old precedent pro- ans Kavanaugh and Gorsuch are firm conservatives.
tecting abortion rights, upheld the right to carry By some estimates, Gorsuch is more conservative than
guns outside the home, and hamstrung the En- around 85% of Americans.
vironmental Protection Agency’s ability to regu- Such a shift matters because public perception of
late emissions—all while signaling an aversion the court’s ideology is critical. If people think the court
to contemporary empirical evidence and instead is ideologically opposed to them, they will be more
favoring “history and tradition.” Although the majority likely to think that it is acting purely politically, and
Maya Sen
of Americans disagree with many of these decisions, the they will be more likely to support proposals that curb
is a professor
court has only just begun to reshape the country. When the court’s powers. Indeed, a method of estimating
of public policy
it resumes in October, the court will be poised to outlaw judicial ideology based on justices’ voting—known as
at the John F.
affirmative action, undercut federal regulations regard- Martin-Quinn scores—suggests that the justices have
Kennedy School
ing clean water, and possibly allow state legislatures to separated into two ideological blocs defined by po-
of Government,
restrict voting rights without oversight by state courts. litical party, implying not just a strongly consolidated
What explains the court’s shift to an ideological extreme, conservative majority but also less ideological “cross- Harvard University,
and what can be done about it? over” voting. If the majority of Cambridge, MA,
The court’s eye-popping move Americans continue to strongly USA. msen@hks.
to the conservative right is con- disagree with the court’s deci- harvard.edu
“What explains the
firmed by research that compares sions, then the public may well
its decisions to public opinion. turn against it, which may not
court’s shift to an
Decades-long surveys reveal only lead to greater political con-
that the court’s rulings were in flict but also undermine the rule
ideological extreme,
step with the opinions of most of law.
Americans through 2020. How- Reforming the court to pre-
and what can
ever, around 2021, its views on vent extreme ideological move-
important issues (including abor- ments may be difficult, but not
be done about it?”
tion and religion) swerved to the impossible. For example, 18-year
right of those held by a majority term limits for justices would
of the public—and are now more regularize appointments—elimi-
aligned with the views of Repub- nating gamesmanship around
lican voters. This sharp turn coincided with the 2020 vacancies and reducing incentives for justices to stra-
death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a liberal-leaning justice. tegically time retirements. This would help prevent ex-
The shift can be best understood by looking at the treme partisan imbalance and thus keep the court closer
identity of the court’s ideological “median voter.” In to the ideological mainstream. Term limits enjoy wide
considering the nine Supreme Court justices from bipartisan support and would put the US in line with
most liberal to most conservative, the justice who sits other democratic peer nations, all of which have term
in the median fifth position is the one whose vote will or age limits for their high courts. Additional promising
create a five-person majority in many cases. This gives proposals by scholars to help reduce ideological imbal-
the median enormous power over decisions. In 2018, ance include reconfiguring how the US selects justices
the median justice was Anthony Kennedy, a moderate and expanding the size of the court. Others—such as
conservative but also an occasional cross-over voter on stripping the court’s jurisdiction—would address the ar-
issues such as abortion and capital punishment. Upon gument that the court wields too much power.
retiring that year, he was replaced by staunch conser- As gridlock and polarization continue to undercut
vative Brett Kavanaugh, shifting the median rightward the efficacy of elected branches of government, the Su-
to Chief Justice John Roberts. As the median, Roberts preme Court’s salience in matters of public importance
would have kept the court more or less in line with will only rise. And the court’s conservative supermajor-
the American ideological mainstream. However, when ity (6-to-3)—one closely aligned with Republican Party
Ginsburg was replaced by conservative Amy Coney policy interests—has many years left. The discussion of
Barrett, the median moved further to the right—some- court reform will not go away soon.
where around Kavanaugh or Neil Gorsuch. Although –Maya Sen
N
SE
AYA
M
O: 10.1126/science.ade2724
OT
H
P
SCIENCE science.org 12 AUGUST 2022 • VOL 377 ISSUE 6607 693
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NEWS
“We [worry it] will hinder Lilly’s and Indiana’s ability to
attract diverse scientific talent from around the world.”
Pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly and Co. on the state’s passage of what the
corporation called “one of the most restrictive anti-abortion laws in the United States.”
A South Korean lunar
probe was launched
on 4 August from Cape
Canaveral in Florida.
IN BRIEF
Edited by Shraddha Chakradhar and Jeffrey Brainard
PLANETARY SCIENCE
South Korea sends orbiter to Moon to search for ice
S
outh Korea’s first Moon probe was lofted into “weathering” by the solar wind and hence of the age
space from Cape Canaveral in Florida on 4 August of features such as lava flows and impact craters. In
by a SpaceX rocket. The $200 million Korea another first, a highly sensitive camera on Danuri will
Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter, also called Danuri— peek into the depths of the Moon’s permanently shad-
“enjoy the Moon” in Korean—will study the Moon owed craters to inventory the water ice known to lurk
from a polar orbit for at least a year. One of the there. Other instruments on the satellite will find suit-
probe’s five instruments will capture polarized light to able locations for a lander, planned for the early 2030s,
measure the grain sizes of lunar dust, an indicator of as South Korea’s next step into deep-space exploration.
U.S. boosts monkeypox response coordinator. Demetre Daskalakis, a physi- Few get prompt hep C treatment
cian who directs the Division of HIV
PUBLIC HEALTH | President Joe Biden’s Prevention at the U.S. Centers for Disease INFECTIOUS DISEASE | Less than one-third
administration last week designated the Control and Prevention, will serve as of people infected with the hepatitis C
monkeypox outbreak a national public deputy coordinator. Daskalakis has experi- virus in the United States who have medi-
health emergency, allowing U.S. health ence working with the LGBTQ community; cal insurance receive lifesaving treatment
officials easier access to funds and proce- 97.5% of monkeypox cases with available for the disease within 1 year of their diag- OTO
H
dural flexibility as they respond to rising data on sexual behavior have been in men nosis, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control P P
cases (more than 8900 as of 8 August). who have sex with men, according to a and Prevention (CDC) reported this week. X/A
U
Earlier in the week, the White House 3 August report from the World Health The liver-damaging virus caused 14,000 AO
R
appointed Robert Fenton, a senior official Organization. As Science went to press, the deaths in the United States in 2019. But HN
O
at the Federal Emergency Management United States had the world’s largest num- an 8- to 12-week course of pills that were O: J
Agency, as national monkeypox response ber of confirmed monkeypox cases. hailed as a medical breakthrough when HOT
P
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