SCIENCE, 1 APRIL 2011 VOL 332, ISSUE 6025, 332 6025

116 Pages·2011·27.57 MB·English

by  Bruce Alberts

CONTENTS
Volume 332 Issue 6025
EDITORIAL BOOKS ET AL.
13 When Science and the Media Mix 39 Intellectual Curiosity and the
Christopher Reddy Scientifi c Revolution
T. E. Huff, reviewed by S. H. Ali
NEWS OF THE WEEK 40 Transcendent Man
18 A roundup of the week’s top stories B. Ptolemy, Director; reviewed by M. Shermer
NEWS & ANALYSIS POLICY FORUM
22 Scientifi c Consensus on Great Quake 41 Economic Importance of Bats
Came Too Late in Agriculture
23 In Indus Times, the River Didn’t J. G. Boyles et al.
Run Through It
PERSPECTIVES page 28
24 Pool at Stricken Reactor #4 Holds
Answers to Key Safety Questions 43 Danger, Microbes, and Homeostasis
B. P. Lazzaro and J. Rolff
25 Artifi cial Leaf Turns Sunlight
Into a Cheap Energy Source 44 Phosphatase Inhibition Delays
Translational Recovery
27 Army Missed Warning Signs
R. L. Wiseman and J. W. Kelly
About Alleged Anthrax Mailer
>> Report p. 91
NEWS FOCUS 47 An Innate Role for IL-17
M. Dominguez-Villar and D. A. Hafl er
28 The Rise of Animal Law
>> Research Article p. 65
A Road Map for Animal Rights
>> Science Podcast 48 Impurities Enhance Semiconductor
Nanocrystal Performance
32 Girth and the Gut (Bacteria)
Y. C. Cao
>> Report p. 77; Science Podcast
LETTERS
50 Retrospective: George Bugliarello
35 Protecting Invaders for Profi t (1927–2011)
S. A. Lambertucci and K. L. Speziale
I. Juran and J. Falcocchio
Culturomics: Statistical Traps
Muddy the Data REVIEW
E. E. Morse-Gagné 53 Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity
Culturomics: Periodicals Gauge Conservation in a Changing Climate
Culture’s Pulse T. P. Dawson et al. page 39
T. Schwartz
Response CONTENTS continued >>
E. L. Aiden et al.
Longer Trips Possible for Human Missions
A. Christou
36 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS
COVER DEPARTMENTS
Adult sockeye salmon (weight ~2.5 kg; length ~60 cm) migrating 10 This Week in Science
to spawning grounds in the Adams River, British Columbia, Canada. 14 Editors’ Choice
Sockeye salmon populations in the Fraser River, British Columbia, 16 Science Staff
are physiologically adapted to their specifi c upriver migration 116 New Products
conditions. In a Report on page 109, Eliason et al. suggest that 117 Science Careers
cardiac adaptations help protect one salmon population from
cardiac collapse at high temperatures.
Photo: Robert Polo; [email protected]
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 332 1 APRIL 2011 5
Published by AAAS
CONTENTS
RESEARCH ARTICLES 88 Microtomography of Partially Molten
Rocks: Three-Dimensional Melt Distribution
60 T he World’s Technological Capacity
in Mantle Peridotite
to Store, Communicate, and Compute
W. Zhu et al.
Information
As mantle rocks melt, an interconnected
M. Hilbert and P. López
network of liquid drives the ascent of
A n inventory of the world’s technological
magma to the sea fl oor.
capacity from 1986 to 2007 reveals the
evolution from analog to digital technologies. 91 Selective Inhibition of a Regulatory
Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 1
65 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Restores Proteostasis
in Humans with Inborn Errors
P. Tsaytler et al.
of Interleukin-17 Immunity
Guanabenz, a small-molecule inhibitor,
A. Puel et al.
protects cells from lethal accrual of misfolded
Chronic yeast infections in the absence of other
proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
infections result from genetic defi ciencies in
>> Perspective p. 44
proinfl ammatory host responses.
>> Perspective p. 47 94 Directional Switching of the Kinesin Cin8
Through Motor Coupling
REPORTS J. Roostalu et al.
A molecular motor switches direction upon
69 PAMELA Measurements of Cosmic-Ray interacting with individual microtubules
pages 47 & 65
Proton and Helium Spectra or antiparallel microtubules.
O. Adriani et al.
99 The C-Terminal Domain of
Satellite measurements challenge the current
RNA Polymerase II Is Modifi ed
understanding of cosmic-ray acceleration and
by Site-Specifi c Methylation
propagation in our Galaxy.
R. J. Sims III et al.
72 Spontaneous Ferroelectric Order The expression of small nuclear RNAs and
in a Bent-Core Smectic Liquid Crystal small nucleolar RNAs is regulated by
of Fluid Orthorhombic Layers modifi cation at a single arginine residue.
R. A. Reddy et al.
103 Perception of UV-B by the Arabidopsis
The ferroelectric properties of bent-core
UVR8 Protein
liquid crystalline molecules emerge from
L. Rizzini et al.
ordering within the smectic layers.
A plant ultraviolet-B photoreceptor uses a
77 Heavily Doped Semiconductor tryptophan-based chromophore.
Nanocrystal Quantum Dots
106 Bacteria-Phage Antagonistic Coevolution
D. Mocatta et al.
in Soil
Impurities can be added into semiconductor
P. Gómez and A. Buckling
nanoparticles to control their electronic and page 72
Microcosm experiments show endless cycles
optical properties.
of host and parasite adaptation in near
>> Perspective p. 48; Science Podcast
natural populations.
81 Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer
109 D ifferences in Thermal Tolerance Among
Radical Polymerization
Sockeye Salmon Populations
A. J. D. Magenau et al.
E. J. Eliason et al.
The structure of a polymer can be fi ne-tuned
Environmental conditions encountered during
by rapidly starting and stopping its synthesis.
migration shape cardiorespiratory physiology
84 Thermochronometry Reveals Headward in sockeye salmon.
Propagation of Erosion in an Alpine
Landscape CONTENTS continued >>
D. L. Shuster et al.
Glacial troughs in New Zealand mountains
developed by propagation of erosion
up valleys.
page 88
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CONTENTS
SCIENCEONLINE
SCIENCEXPRESS SCIENCESIGNALING SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
www.sciencexpress.org www.sciencesignaling.org www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org
Saturn’s Curiously Corrugated C Ring The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Integrating Medicine and Science
M. M. Hedman et al. 29 March issue: http://scim.ag/ss29Mar2011 30 March issue: http://scim.ag/stm033011
10.1126/science.1202238 EDITORIAL GUIDE: Focus Issue—Rendering COMMENTARY: The Precompetitive Space—
The Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Resistance Futile Time to Move the Yardsticks
Sends Ripples Through the Rings of Jupiter E. M. Adler and N. R. Gough T. Norman et al.
M. R. Showalter et al. Understanding the pathways that mediate drug A recent meeting of minds set into motion an
Spacecraft observations show that Saturn’s resistance is key to developing new cancer therapies. open-access initiative designed to achieve proof
of clinical mechanism for selected disease targets.
and Jupiter’s rings preserve records of recent RESEARCH ARTICLE: Amplifi cation of the Driving
interplanetary debris collisions. Oncogene, KRAS or BRAF, Underpins Acquired PERSPECTIVE: Human Pluripotent Stem Cells—
10.1126/science.1202241 Resistance to MEK1/2 Inhibitors in Colorectal Decoding the Naïve State
Topological Phase Transition and Texture Cancer Cells W. Li and S. Ding
Inversion in a Tunable Topological Insulator A. S. Little et al. Human stem cells exist in functionally distinct states
that must be deciphered before these versatile
S.-Y. Xu et al. PERSPECTIVE: Resistance to MEK Inhibitors—
reagents can be used to transform medicine.
Two types of bulk insulator are realized in the same Should We Co-Target Upstream?
family of compounds through chemical doping. RESEARCH ARTICLE: A MEK Inhibitor Abrogates
P. I. Poulikakos and D. B. Solit
10.1126/science.1201607 Amplifi cation of an upstream kinase in a three-kinase Myeloproliferative Disease in Kras Mutant Mice
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Wee1B Is Essential module confers resistance to cancer drugs that target N. Lyubynska et al.
for Metaphase II Exit in Mouse Oocytes a downstream kinase. Inhibiting the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway reverses the
harmful effects of oncogenic Kras on hematopoietic
J. S. Oh et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE: c-MYC Suppresses BIN1
differentiation, suggesting a strategy for treating
Cyclin degradation is not the only mechanism that to Release Poly(ADP–ribose) Polymerase 1— myeloproliferative neoplasms.
controls the exit of mouse oocytes from meiosis. A Mechanism by Which Cancer Cells Acquire
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Use of Mutant-Specifi c Ion
10.1126/science.1199211 Cisplatin Resistance
Channel Characteristics for Risk Stratifi cation
Proteoglycan-Specifi c Molecular Switch S. Pyndiah et al.
of Long QT Syndrome Patients
for RPTPσ Clustering and Neuronal Extension PERSPECTIVE: MYC, PARP1, and C. Jons et al.
C. H. Coles et al. Chemoresistance—BIN There, Done That? Mutations that slow the opening of potassium channels
One receptor binds two different types
S. Ganesan in the heart can predict risk for long QT syndrome, a
of proteoglycan at the same site but with
c-MYC promotes cisplatin resistance by enabling heart arrhythmia that can cause sudden death.
divergent outcomes.
the increased activity of a DNA repair enzyme.
10.1126/science.1200840
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Global Phosphoproteomics SCIENCEPODCAST
Reveals Crosstalk Between Bcr-Abl and Negative www.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcast
SCIENCENOW
Feedback Mechanisms Controlling Src Signaling Free Weekly Show
www.sciencenow.org
L. Rubbi et al. On the 1 April Science Podcast: semiconductor
Highlights From Our Daily News Coverage nanocrystals, nonhuman rights, your Letters to
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Damping Down Fear With Cortisol Science, and more.
T. G. Graeber and A. M. VanHook
The stress hormone enhances therapy
Negative feedback fails to limit Src family kinase
to treat a phobia of heights. SCIENCEINSIDER
activity in the presence of Bcr-Abl, an oncoprotein
http://scim.ag/less-fear that drives leukemia. news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider
Sensing Organ Rejection Science Policy News and Analysis
A new DNA test aims to detect when the body SCIENCECAREERS
rejects a transplanted organ.
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EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY
How Much Information
Down in the Valley >>
Is Out There?
Breathtaking alpine landscapes illustrate the
In the past 20 years, there have been dramatic powerful nature of glacial erosion. The balance
changes in the world’s ability to generate, com- of climate-related forces on the topography and
municate, and store information. Hilbert and height of mountains is generally measured by
López (p. 60, published online 10 February) the rate of erosion relative to the rate of uplift,
conducted a survey of 60 categories of analog but uncertainties related to fi eld measurements
and digital technologies during the period from compared to models have obscured the gen-
1986 to 2007 and observed their changing con- eral mechanisms. Shuster et al. (p. 84) com-
tributions to global informational capacity. The bined these two approaches on the mountains
capacity estimates took into account improve- of Fiordland, New Zealand, to tease out these
ments in hardware performance and in software- interrelationships. Isotopic dating suggests that
based compression rates. The revolution in erosion due to glacial activity removed most of
digital technology appears to have sustained an the landscape that was older than 2.5 million 1
1
exponential increase in the global capacity to years. Combined with a landscape evolution 0
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underlying cause of CMCD is unknown. Puel et mechanisms that have allowed species to persist facilitating precise control of chain structure. e
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now report two genetic etiologies associated with Cosmic Complications w.s
CMCD. The fi rst is an autosomal recessive muta- The hot liquid rock that seeps out of mid-ocean w
tion in interleukin 17 (IL-17) receptor A, which Earth is constantly bombarded by cosmic rays— ridges makes its way through the oceanic w
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prevents its expression. The second is an autoso- subatomic charged particles (mostly protons and crust when the solid mantle below rises and
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which partially reduces its activity. Thus, human in the shock waves produced by stellar explosions. of melt formation and migration, however, has d f
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3 March) report spectral differences between (p. 88) collected three-dimensional images of w
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Conservation: Learning protons and helium in cosmic rays. The results do melting mantle rocks using x-ray synchrotron D
not match predictions from models of cosmic-ray microtomography. The images reveal the forma-
from the Past acceleration and their subsequent propagation tion of an interconnected melt network at the
through our Galaxy, suggesting that more com- scale of single mineral grains with a continuous
The consequences of climate change are now plex processes need to be considered. increase of fl ow velocity of melt in partially
being taken seriously by conservation bodies molten rocks. Melt is thus extracted from the M
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and governments, just as information from Charging Ahead mantle as a function of the properties of the O.C
fossil, historical, and present-day studies is liquid (for example, viscosity and melt fraction) HOT
providing new insights into how different species Polymerization resembles a chemical reaction and not because of a shift in the porosity or BOP
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10 1 APRIL 2011 VOL 332 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
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This Week in Science
INTRODUCING
AAAS
stress-induced dephosphorylation of a subunit of translation initiation factor 2, thereby prolonging
translation attenuation in stressed cells. This favored protein folding, promoting resistance to protein MemberCentral
misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Molecular Motor
In most eukaryotes, spatial reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during cell division de-
pends crucially on microtubule cross-linking motors of the kinesin-5 family. Roostalu et al. (p. 94,
published online 24 February) combined in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine Cin8, a mitotic
kinesin-5 from budding yeast. Single fl uorescent molecule imaging and microtubule-sliding assays
on chemically functionalized surfaces, as well as in vivo imaging revealed that Cin8 is a bidirectional
motor, unlike any other kinesins. Surprisingly, the “default directionality” of this motor was opposite
to that of other kinesin-5 proteins. However, the motor was able to switch directionality, depending
on whether it was working alone on individual microtubules or as a member of a team between an-
tiparallel microtubules, like those found in the mitotic spindle. Cin8 may thus regulate directionality
by sensing the motor-microtubule confi guration. 1
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The plant UV-B photoreceptor, the Arabidopsis UVR8 protein, used a specifi cally positioned aromatic —the scientists, engineers, educa- d
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amino acid, tryptophan, as its chromophore. The UV-driven monomerization of UVR8 dimers sig- tors, students, policymakers , nad nlo
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Real-World Coevolution
orblogs,participateinawebinar,or
sharephotosofyourfieldresearch.
In test-tube experiments using bacteria and their viruses, “arms races” evolve between hosts and
You ca n xechange ideas, learn
parasites. Gómez and Buckling (p. 106) took genetically tagged bacteria and their respective
about your fellow members , nad
phage and developed an experimental system in which soil microcosms containing a background
microbial community were inoculated with the tagged microbes. Over time and locally in space, gainfreshinsightsintoissuesthat
bacteria became resistant to coexisting phage. But resistance is more costly in terms of reproductive mattertoyouthemost.Experience
capacity in soil compared with the lab, and so the bacteria did not maintain resistance to past strains MemberCentralforyourself.
of phage. Similarly, neighboring strains of phage could not infect bacteria in other neighborhoods.
Thus, in the wild, bacteria and phage rapidly coevolve. VisitMemberCentral.aaas.orgtoday.
Log in using your Science online
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The once-in-a-lifetime migration of sockeye salmon from the sea to their natal spawning grounds
subject fi sh to extremely challenging physical conditions. These conditions are variable—fi sh that
ATTA ET AL. swpeaewkns. iEnl icaosaosnta el tt raibl.u t(apr.i e1s0 9h)a veex ammuicnhe de aesiigehr tj osaulrmneoyns pthoapnu ltahtioosnes w thhaot t eraxvpeerrsiee nucpe-dr iave vra froier tmy aonf y
OC migration conditions within the Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada. The fi sh with the most
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 332 1 APRIL 2011
Published by AAAS
EDITORIAL
W hen Science and the Media Mix
Christopher Reddy is a AS THE DEVASTATING IMPACTS OF JAPAN'S EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI CONTINUE TO UNFOLD, AND
senior scientist and the concern over the Fukushima nuclear power plant grows, communication between scientists
director of the Coastal and the media has never been more vital. Fourteen years ago, journalist Jim Hartz and physi-
Ocean Institute, Woods cist Rick Chappell warned in their book Worlds Apart: How the Distance Between Science
Hole Oceanographic and Journalism Threatens America's Future that people are dangerously unenlightened about
Institution, MA. E-mail: science's role in many aspects of life and society, in part because of the inability of scientists
[email protected]. and journalists to understand each other. Today's relentless 24-hour media news cycle and
blogosphere offer ample opportunities for both parties to provide politicians, policy-makers,
and the public with scientifi c knowledge needed to inform their opinions and decisions. Yet the
communication gap continues. 1
As a marine scientist who studies oil spills, I was in the fray after the Deepwater Horizon 01
oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico last year. Journalists and scientists tried 2
hard to communicate with each other, but I saw messages that were 1,
not delivered well to the media and/or misinterpreted by the media. pril
In interviews, I made reference to my research on a 1969 oil spill in A
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Falmouth, Massachusetts, which showed that oil continues to affect o
a small coastal marsh area, but did not anticipate many journalists’ g
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response: They extrapolated these remarks to infer potential dire, long- g.
lasting impacts of the Gulf spill on marshes. I tried to restore perspec- a
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tive and reinforce that many oiled marshes have rebounded in the past, e
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and that not all oil spills or coastal marshes are alike, but it was too late. n
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Such mistakes caused emotional damage to those living in the Gulf s
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area, leaving people with more stress than knowledge. The research and w
impacts of the spill are still unfolding, and despite people’s yearnings, w
there probably won’t be quick or clear-cut answers. Nevertheless, this m
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is no time for scientists to run back into the ivory tower and pull up the drawbridge. Scientists r
have to do a better job of communicating not just what they know, but also what they don’t know, d f
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and what is uncertain. At their best, science and journalism both research exhaustively, discover d
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ES knowledge, and communicate it accurately and objectively. For years, I have invited journal- o
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M ists to my laboratory to learn about fi eld work and chemical analysis. We have defi ned terms, w
ETTY I traded metaphors, and explained the perils and protocols of scholarly publishing and publish- Do
GHT) SSPL/G iaanpngpd r fIeo hcria atvhteieo a np buoebft lttiehcre. i rdBeeosaet hao rfpc thahr ewt iqeousrl edhs ataivonend s ba epnne ieonfipc tlreee daw.s aeJndot u aarbnnislaiwltiyes trtsso throea.sv peo cnosmibely a rwepaoyr wt tioth th ae gpruebaltiecr,
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N; ( How can scientists start to engage the media? Universities and colleges have press offi ces,
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UTI but most scientists only interact with them when they have a high-profi le manuscript or an
NSTIT inquiry from the press. However, the press offi ce can be an invaluable conduit for explaining
C I research to the media. In addition, scientists can reach out to general reporters and invite them
HI
AP into a conversation about the challenges that both parties face on a daily basis. Scientists also
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OG can encourage their institutional leaders to invest, even modestly, in outreach to the journal-
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EA ism community in the form of briefi ngs, Web sites, and workshops. Fellowship programs such
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E O as those at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Marine Biological Laboratory, and the
HOL University of Rhode Island get journalists into laboratories and in the fi eld alongside scientists
ODS for a week or more, experiences that are well worth the investment.
O
W Communicating is risky, but not doing so is riskier. If scientists and journalists don’t
NST/ try harder and make continual efforts to learn each other’s languages and gain confi dence,
DI
N knowledge will remain locked in laboratories, misunderstood, unused, or even worse, mis-
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KL used. When this happens, those who thirst for information are shortchanged, and the work
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 332 1 APRIL 2011 13
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EDITORS’CHOICE
EDITED BY KRISTEN MUELLER AND JAKE YESTON
MICROBIOLOGY
TB Tolerance Exposed
One of the reasons tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a substan- ment of drug tolerance. Multidrug-tolerant bacteria were pres-
tial public health problem is because the bacteria that cause TB, ent in macrophages just days after infection and were expanded
1
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, develop drug tolerance quickly. and disseminated by granulomas. Bacteria acquired tolerance by 1
This requires patients to follow a 6-month-long drug regimen replicating in macrophages, in both fi sh and mammalian cells. 20
to ensure bacterial eradication, to which many patients fail to Upon infection, macrophages increased expression of bacterial 1,
adhere. In order to identify new drug targets that may lead to effl ux pumps, which can pump drugs out. Use of pump inhibitors ril
p
shorter therapeutic regimens, Adams et al. dissected the devel- demonstrated that these complexes mediated drug tolerance. To- A
opment of drug tolerance in a zebrafi sh model of TB. Zebrafi sh gether, these studies suggest that adding effl ux pump inhibitors n
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infection with Mycobacterium marinum followed a similar disease to the standard TB therapies may be an effective way to reduce g
course as human infection, which included the rapid develop- the course of treatment. — KLM or
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BIOCHEMISTRY helicases loaded onto DNA could then move however. In order to learn more about these w.s
How to Unwind apart, leaving the extruded DNA between them positions, Bush et al. surveyed SFES and non- w
accessible for replication. — VV SFES faculty members within the California State w
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During DNA replication, ring-shaped helicases Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 10.1038/ University System (CSU). Despite SFES existing
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uansed esneepragrya tfer oDmN AA TsPt rhaynddrso, lcyrseisa ttion gm sopvaec ael ofonrg nsmb.2004 (2011). aCcSrUo scsa amllp sucsieesn,c teh deiirs criopllein ies ss,t iflal cnuoltty w realnl kdse, fia nnedd . d fr
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new bases to be added to the emerging template. EDUCATION SFES reported teaching the same amount as ad
Initiation of replication in eukaryotes involves Sizing Up Education Specialists their non-SFES peers, and the same propor- nlo
two key steps. First, the double hexamer Mcm2- tion of SFES reported being engaged in science w
M o
7 helicase is loaded onto duplex DNA. Second, Attempts to include education training into education research as reported being engaged CO D
Cdc45 and GINS associate with each hexamer already demanding science faculty schedules in basic science research. Although SFES had OS.
OT
to form the active CMG helicase. To gain insight have been challenging. One solution is the formal education training, the amount of actual H
KP
into these two steps, Costa et al. determined the introduction of Science Faculty with Educa- training reported was minimal, which suggested C
O
sbmbptyelroa tusndwciaeneturlegs rno leeo rs-Mf p foMocafmrcr mMtm2ic c 2alame -ns 72eldi -lgs e7Mhhc otact rwmnsopedn5di r tm aahanlei .crd Tifr nuohcglsoelc u toCfhlupdMaly ltGe . h iw Sthehatlereisucl rioacc btspaueeser e na l teTmdihdeoeiupnsnca tmSar taptamineoycden ii n anirntlocatnrilleee oisasvn ,sa( teiSetn iFrsoteEuonsSp t s)i pc,ni nois et rcrnetie eacfsnecoeh tradi isfrnetacgpshc auw aorlhnttnmyod t deetinaneakcvtcsreeh.e l iooannpsge - teShthhnFoaeEtwiitSsr es tvptsche ioterors,naui taciginleohme ndtdo set shibptna ea4 tcrb 0tatamh%usesiec eynw rtaoeesrf rse seect aomiclrnloca cpnhkers.ire inTndfghese rerat i ht nmdoag iathf lfjtieoehrarreeeiv tisniyrnc c ioge-f ; CELL 145, 1 (2011); IST
was constrained to the planar conformation, and learning. Minimal data are available on work in education was not supported, valued, or AL.,
and GINS and Cdc45 bridged the gap to form a the purpose, structure, and outcomes of SFES, understood. — MM MS ET
large channel. Imaging of CMG purifi ed in the CBE Life Sci. Educ. 10, 25 (2011).DA
A
presence of an ATP analog revealed a conforma- M
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tional change induced by nucleotide binding; CELL BIOLOGY D FR
the gap between Mcm2 and Mcm5 closed and A Less Toxic Treatment APTE
the channel was divided into two smaller pores. AD
The tendency of Mcm2-7 to form open rings Cells frequently tag proteins that are targeted for M):
O
might facilitate loading onto duplex DNA. Upon destruction by the proteasome with ubiquitin, a OTT
B
binding of Cdc45 and GINS, the structural process that is important for maintaining cellular O
data are consistent with a model in which CMG homeostasis and health. Besides defunct or aber- OP T
promotes duplex opening and accommodates rant cytosolic proteins, misfolded endoplasmic DITS (T
a single strand in each of its pores. The two reticulum–derived proteins are “dislocated” back RE
C
14 1 APRIL 2011 VOL 332 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
Published by AAAS
EDITORS’CHOICE
into the cytosol, ubiquitinated, and degraded greatly affected the hydrology of streams and
by the proteasome. Proteasome inhibitors that rivers. However, Native Americans had been
block various stages of these processes exist and practicing agriculture and forest management
are useful for studying this biological process, for several centuries before that. Stinchcomb
but are often quite toxic. Ernst et al. describe an et al. show that river hydrology was modifi ed
alternative approach to interfere with the ubiq- by, and so records, this history as well. They
uitin proteasome (UPS) pathway. A highly active focused on the Delaware River Valley, where
ubiquitin-specifi c protease domain was used to artifacts show widespread settlement from
remove ubiquitin preemptively from substrates about 1100 to 1600 CE, including expansion of
about to be destroyed, and so stabilize them. The maize agriculture and forest clearing. Carbon
technique allowed the uncoupling of dislocation isotope, radiocarbon dating, and phytolith
and degradation of endoplasmic reticulum–de- analyses document the increase in maize and
rived misfolded proteins. This approach effi ciently other grasses. Analysis of sediments shows
and globally blocked the UPS pathway, but was increased sedimentation during this interval in
less cytotoxic than commonly used pharmacologi- stream valleys and also an increase in fl ooding.
cal inhibitors. — SMH Together, the data imply that perhaps half of
PLOS Biol. 8, e1000605 (2011). the surrounding forests were cleared in the lo- 1
1
cal fl oodplain. Flooding may have been further 0
2
NOEbUeRsOiStCyI’EsN CChEicken or Egg afarguogrmimc u1el4ntu5ter0ed tabony 1d c 5od3oe0lfeo Crr eEas.n tTadht iuwosen,t tpaerlrse o-cC oloenflduti mtai obniasn pril 1,
A
Altered reward circuitry in the brain may play marked sedimentary record, at least locally in
n
a role in obesity. One change that has been North America. — BH o
observed is that overweight people have fewer Geology 39, 363 (2011). rg
o
dopamine D2 receptors in the brain striatum; g.
however, it is unclear whether this is a cause PHYSICS ma
or consequence of overeating. Stice et al. used Complex Quantum Simulation e
c
functional magnetic resonance imaging to look n
e
at vulnerability to obesity by examining neural Interactions between the charge, spin, and ci
responses to food and related cues in high-risk orbital degrees of freedom of electrons in w.s
though still-lean adolescents. They found that a condensed-matter systems can give rise to w
corticostriatal network responded to food receipt, many complex electronic and magnetic phases. w
m
but not to anticipation of food-related cues, more The narrow, or often fi xed, range of vari-
o
strongly in these high-risk able materials parameters can r
people. A related network be a limitation in probing and d f
e
in high-risk individuals understanding the evolution of d
a
also responded more to the order parameters of such o
nl
the receipt of money. complex correlated systems. An w
o
These people also showed array of atoms trapped in an D
greater activation of optical lattice has the potential to
the oral regions of the be extremely fl exible in terms of
somatosensory cortex in tuning the parameters. Although
response to palatable food the atoms tend to be isotropic,
intake, a result specifi c for leading to somewhat trivial
food rather than money. systems, much theoretical work
Thus, youths at risk for obesity initially had a has explored the possibilities of fi nding ways to
generally elevated reward region responsivity. imprint and detect more complicated order pa-
When coupled with an increased responsivity of rameters on the lattice of trapped atoms. It is
oral somatosensory regions, this may result in along such lines that Kitagawa et al. propose a
CI. 31, 4360 (2011) orseavcleieerpentacoteirn odgfo tfwhonoa-tdr escugubueslsae.tq —iuoJ.ne N n PaetRnluySrd op sercloie.d v3ua1cte,e ds4 3din6o0cpe a(n2mt0iiv1ne1e ) . sicanpoctrereorcrestflrseao rttsohicomeon pelsait cbrtt yeti cettwehc.hae Tnet hnipqe ruayot ebso hebmosa -wstahe ttdeoh mapotnh it anhtswteee o-rts-aepeccnahtirsnotiinitqcisvlu eee
OS should allow the measurement of nontrivial or-
R
U
NE GEOLOGY der parameters in entangled ensembles of cold
AL., J. Records in the River atoms, such as d- or p-wave pairing of electrons
ET found in exotic superconductors and superfl uids,
CE The expansion of agriculture, mills, and and the realization of cold-atom systems that
DIT: STI deforestation after colonial settlement of function as complex quantum simulators. — ISO
RE eastern North America expanded erosion and Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 115302 (2011).
C
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Jordi Bascompte, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Tom Fenchel, Univ. of Copenhagen Oscar Marin, CSIC & Univ. Miguel Hernández Cynthia Volkert, Univ. of Gottingen
Facundo Batista, London Research Inst. Alain Fischer, INSERM Charles Marshall, Univ. of California, Berkeley Bruce D. Walker, Harvard Medical School
Ray H. Baughman, Univ. of Texas, Dallas Wulfram Gerstner, EPFL Lausanne Martin M. Matzuk, Baylor College of Medicine Ian Walmsley, Univ. of Oxford
David Baum, Univ. of Wisconsin Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Inst. for Geophysics & Grahma Medley, Univ. of Warwick Christopher A. Walsh, Harvard Medical School
Yasmine Belkaid, NIAID, NIH Extraterrestrial Physics Yasushi Miyashita, Univ. of Tokyo David A. Wardle, Swedish Univ. of Agric Sciences
Stephen J. Benkovic, Penn State Univ. Diane Griffi n, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Richard Morris, Univ. of Edinburgh Detlef Weigel, Max Planck Inst., Tübingen
Gregory C. Beroza, Stanford Univ. Public Health Edvard Moser, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Jonathan Weissman, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Ton Bisseling, Wageningen Univ. Taekjip Ha, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Sean Munro, MRC Lab. of Molecular Biology Sue Wessler, Univ. of California, Riverside
Peer Bork, EMBL Christian Haass, Ludwig Maximilians Univ. Naoto Nagaosa, Univ. of Tokyo Ian A. Wilson, The Scripps Res. Inst.
Bernard Bourdon, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon Steven Hahn, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center James Nelson, Stanford Univ. School of Med. Timothy D. Wilson, Univ. of Virginia
Ian Boyd, Univ. of St. Andrews Gregory J. Hannon, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Timothy W. Nilsen, Case Western Reserve Univ. Jan Zaanen, Leiden Univ.
Robert W. Boyd, Univ. of Rochester Dennis L. Hartmann, Univ. of Washington Pär Nordlund, Karolinska Inst. Mayana Zatz, University of Sao Paolo
Paul M. Brakefi eld, Univ. of Cambridge Martin Heimann, Max Planck Inst., Jena Helga Nowotny, European Research Advisory Board Jonathan Zehr, Ocean Sciences
Christian Büchel, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf James A. Hendler, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Stuart H. Orkin, Dana-Farber Cancer Inst. Huda Zoghbi, Baylor College of Medicine
Joseph A. Burns, Cornell Univ. Janet G. Hering, Swiss Fed. Inst. of Aquatic Christine Ortiz, MIT Maria Zuber, MIT
William P. Butz, Population Reference Bureau Science & Technology Elinor Ostrom, Indiana Univ.
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Mildred Cho, Stanford Univ. Kei Hirose, Tokyo Inst. of Technology P. David Pearson, Univ. of California, Berkeley John Aldrich, Duke Univ.
David Clapham, Children’s Hospital, Boston Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Univ. of Queensland Reginald M. Penner, Univ. of California, Irvine David Bloom, Harvard Univ.
David Clary, Univ. of Oxford David Holden, Imperial College John H. J. Petrini, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Angela Creager, Princeton Univ.
J. M. Claverie, CNRS, Marseille Lora Hooper, UT Southwestern Medical Ctr at Dallas Simon Phillpot, Univ. of Florida Richard Shweder, Univ. of Chicago
Jonathan D. Cohen, Princeton Univ. Jeffrey A. Hubbell, EPFL Lausanne Philippe Poulin, CNRS Ed Wasserman, DuPont
Andrew Cossins, Univ. of Liverpool Steven Jacobsen, Univ. of California, Los Angeles Colin Renfrew, Univ. of Cambridge Lewis Wolpert, Univ. College London
Alan Cowman, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst. Kai Johnsson, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Trevor Robbins, Univ. of Cambridge
16 1 APRIL 2011 VOL 332 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
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