Schubert’s Mythological Mayrhofer‐Lieder: Historical, Philosophical, and Psychological Contexts Michael Shaw Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Michael Shaw All rights reserved ABSTRACT Schubert’s Mythological Mayrhofer‐Lieder: Historical, Philosophical, and Psychological Contexts Michael Shaw 1817 is the beginning of a period in Schubert’s life, called his “years of crisis,” when he was forming and asserting his personal and musical autonomy. His songs from this time concentrate on mythology and on the poetry of his friend Johann Mayrhofer. Thirteen mythological Mayrhofer‐songs sing through the “I” of a mythological character and address a god for aid. This dissertation analyzes seven of these songs: Freiwilliges Versinken, Memnon, Philoktet, Der zürnenden Diana, Atys, Antigone und Oedip, and Der entsühnte Orest. Both Mayrhofer’s poems and Schubert’s songs present difficulties. Mayrhofer’s language and treatment of myth occlude his poetry’s meaning. Schubert’s settings obscure what they might communicate to readers or listeners through experimental formal, harmonic, and text‐setting strategies. To discover the order and meaning behind the abstruse surfaces of the poems, music, and songs, I turn to four analytical perspectives immanent in Mayrhofer’s poems. Though mythological on the surface, Mayrhofer’s poems tell a gnostic narrative of man’s desire to unite with god. The poems are also masochistic: Mayrhofer’s mythological heroes are all in pain, static, and devoted to a goddess. These two simultaneous subtexts exemplify the ambiguity of Mayrhofer’s poetry, that it both keeps its meaning indistinct and means many things at once. Mayrhofer’s use of mythology and Gnosticism direct us to Carl Jung’s use of the same in his psychoanalytic researches into the self. Gnosticism, masochism, ambiguity, and the Jungian self are elements of Schubert’s songs just as they are elements of Mayrhofer’s poems. Each of the dissertation’s four main chapters focuses on one of these concepts. In analysis, I give the greatest attention to the music, that is, how the music is Gnostic, masochistic, ambiguous, and psychologically self‐expressive. The musical analyses are largely motivic, but also involve musical form, harmony, meter, genre, and vocal style. I understand song as a multiplicity, as an interaction of individual voices. Since each of the four analytical perspectives‐‐‐as distinct as they are‐‐‐says something about the relationship between the self and the other, they are means to assess the relationships resulting in song, and how meaning and understanding emerge from the interaction of multiple voices. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations v Acknowledgments vi Dedication viii Introduction 1 Chapter Summaries 5 Gadamer, the Hermeneutic Circle, Temporal Distance 7 Chapter 1: Mythology in Mayrhofer’s Poetry 10 Myth and philhellenism at the turn of the nineteenth century 10 Myth in Mayrhofer’s poetry 15 Antigone and Oedipus 18 Orestes 20 Diana 28 Philoctetes 32 Atys 36 Memnon 48 Gnosticism 51 Chapter 2: Gnosticism 60 Gnosticism in Mayrhofer’s Freiwilliges Versinken 61 Formal Dialogue between Two Poems 65 Union through Motive in the Vocal Line 68 Union through Motive in the Accompaniment 71 Gnosticism in Mayrhofer’s Memnon 74 i Union through Motive 76 Motivic and Formal Union in Philoktet 81 Temporal Union 85 Union and Transformation: Poem to Song 90 Chapter 3: Masochism 95 Presentation of the Masochistic Subject in Mayrhofer’s Der zürnenden Diana 97 Presentation of the Masochistic Subject in the Music of Der zürnenden Diana 103 Presentation of the Masochistic Subject in Schubert’s Song 106 Enactment of Masochism 113 Masochism in Becoming Song 121 Chapter 4: Ambiguity 126 Ambiguity in Mayrhofer’s Poetry 126 Ambiguity in Myth and the Ancient World 131 Ambiguity in Music Scholarship 132 Motivic Ambiguity in Atys 136 Ambiguity of Form, Meter, Harmony 146 Heidegger: Concealment and Unconcealment 152 From Heidegger to Atys 154 Music as Unsounding Art 157 Merging of Self and Self 165 Chapter 5: Symbols of the Self 171 Jung and the Symbol of the Self 172 Mayrhofer’s Poems as Symbols of the Self 175 Schubert’s Years of Crisis 178 ii Fantasy and the Self 181 The Self as Quadrad in Schubert’s Songs 187 Schubert’s Memnon, Philoktet, and the Bifurcated Self 190 Antigone und Oedip: The Bifurcated Self 195 Antigone und Oedip: Individuation 198 Fantasy as Mirror of the Soul 203 Conclusion: Schubert and the Unconscious 208 Bibliography 212 Appendix 1: List of Antikenlieder 219 Appendix 2: Schubert Work List, 1817‐1820 220 Appendix 3: Poems and Translations 225 Azolin’s Aria 225 Sonnet III 226 Appendix 4: Scores 227 Freiwilliges Versinken, after Schubert’s Manuscript 227 Freiwilliges Versinken, Analytical Score 229 Prinz Azolin’s Aria, Vocal Line 230 D540 Philoktet 233 D541 Memnon 236 D542 Antigone und Oedip 240 D585 Atys 246 D630 Sonett III 253 D687 Nachthymne 260 D699 Der entsühnte Orest 266 iii D700 Freiwilliges Versinken 270 D707 Der zürnenden Diana 273 D752 Nachtviolen 282 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Bernard Picart, engraving of “Memnon,” from The Temple of the Muses, 1733 59 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dissertation‐writing is a solitary endeavor worthy of the ancient Gnostics, but this dissertation would have been impossible without the assistance and inspiration of a wide variety of individuals, all of whom I am delighted to be able to thank. I must thank firstly my dissertation advisor, Walter Frisch, whose knowledge, critical insight, and dedication to my scholarship have formed the foundation of my work. I had been inspired by Professor Frisch’s work before coming to Columbia, and it has been a great honor to work with him. I would like to thank the staff at the Musiksammlung at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, as well as the various branches of the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, the New York University Library, and New York Public Library, and especially Elizabeth Davis and Nick Patterson in the Music and Arts Library at Columbia. There are a number of professors who have shaped my scholarship up to this point. I would not be the music historian or analyst I am today if it were not for the seminars of Karen Henson, Elaine Sisman, and Walter Frisch at Columbia, and Vittorio Hösle, Mary Frandsen, Peter Smith, Paul Johnson, Ethan Haimo, and Susan Youens at the University of Notre Dame. I am also grateful for the ideas and advice I received from Giuseppe Gerbino, David Cohen, and George Lewis, when this project was in its first stages. I must give particular thanks to Susan Youens, whose early guidance was fundamental to my development. She and her work are always before my mind’s eye, a constant point of intellectual and musical contact. Among my colleagues at Columbia, Sean Parr, Kristy Barbacane, Michelle Judd, Daniel Callahan, Sean Hallowell, and Andrew Eggert were constant sources of friendship and guidance. I am thankful to Andrew Haringer for the same, as well as for our numerous musical collaborations. vi
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