Schooling in New Russia: Innovation and Change, 1984-95 PDF
Preview Schooling in New Russia: Innovation and Change, 1984-95
SCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA STUDIES IN RUSSIA AND EAST EUROPE This series includes books on general, political, historical, economic and cultural themes relating to Russia and East Europe written or edited by members of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in the University of London, or by authors working in association with the School. Recent titles include: Roger Bartlett and Karen Schonwalder (editors) THE GERMAN LANDS AND EASTERN EUROPE Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations John Channon (editor) POLITICS, SOCIETY AND STALINISM IN THE USSR Geoffrey Hosking and Robert Service (editors) RUSSIAN NATIONALISM, PAST AND PRESENT Krystyna Iglicka and Keith Sword (editors) THE CHALLENGE OF EAST-WEST MIGRATION FOR POLAND Marja Nissinen LATVIA'S TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY Political Determinants of Economic Reform Policy Jeremy Smith THE BOLSHEVIKS AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION, 1917-23 Jeanne Sutherland SCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA Innovation and Change, 1984-95 Keith Sword DEPORTATION AND EXILE Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48 Studies in Russia and East Europe Series Standing Order ISBN 0-333-71018-5 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Schooling in the New Russia Innovation and Change, 1984-95 Jeanne Sutherland former Chair Study Group on Education in Russia, the Independent States and Eastern Europe in association with SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON m First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN O-333-73699-0 First published in the United States of America 1999 by AS ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 0-312-21727-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sutherland, Jeanne, 1927- Schooling in the new Russia : innovation and change, 1984-95 / Jeanne Sutherland, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-312-21727-7 (cloth) 1. Education—Russia (Federation) 2. Education—Soviet Union. 3. Educational change—Russia (Federation). 4. Educational change- -Soviet Union. I. Title. LA839.2.S88 1998 370'.947—dc21 98-29181 CIP © Jeanne Sutherland 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire In memory of my late husband, Iain Sutherland, with whom I shared most of the years spent in the former Soviet Union Contents Map of the Commonwealth of Independent States ix List of Plates x Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction xiv Note on Transliteration xvi Part I The Changes 1 From 1900 to the 1970s: Tsarist and Post-revolutionary Education 3 2 The 1970s and the Early 1980s: Portrait of the Soviet School before Perestroika - Some Personal Impressions of the 1970s and Early 1980s 15 3 The 1984 School Reform and the Beginning of Change 31 4 Reactions of the Establishment 46 5 Movements for Change 58 6 From Innovation to Independence 66 7 The Alternative School, Upbringing and Social Services in a New Era 74 8 Russian Schools after Gorbachev, 1992-94: Decentralization and Regionalization 86 Part II The Problems 9 Financing of Schools and Material Resources 115 10 Health and Social Problems 131 11 National Problems of Education 146 12 Epilogue 159 vii viii Contents Chronology 172 Appendixes 176 Notes 187 Bibliography 209 Index 213 COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES a ARCTIC 0 C E A ,\ 4£><3 NORWEGIAN SEA C? »cx? a ChuJrotsky AO %, <7 Kola LA/J/£\ Koryak AO Pen. Sends AOS /M/M S£>l SEA LITHUANIA ? laimyrskv AO Sakha-Yakutia •A BELARUS LATVIA Komi ^ TBITWltv \ Neneti AO \ Kamchatk MOLDOV UKRAINE KPeormmiv *k MKhaanniyu AO Evenki AO 0 Mordcma Udm«ntB ^ Adven Talari lan Kanchseva Qieikeua R U S S I ^ •V Osse 1 Abkhaz Kaimvkia Baslikortostan Adzha Daeestan =>C1hec heno fc: Kara-Kalpa AraKlA SZeAaK HSTAN J AO y Ingush GEORGIA Lavke^ B alkhash Al ABI Durvai AO Nakhichevan C? Khak Usi-Ordvnskv AO SEA OF Nagorno- KYRGYZSTAN JAPAN Karabakh AO / /' TURKMENISTAN AZERBAIJAN UZBEKISTAN ^ Q TAJIKISTAN Gorno-Badakhshan AO ( MX) 1600 km £2 Source: Russia and the Successor States Briefing Service, 1995, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 2. The shaded area represents the Russian Federation and the non-shaded areas the other member-states g- oftheFSU.
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