Scholarpedia of Touch PDF
Preview Scholarpedia of Touch
Scholarpedia Series Editor: Eugene Izhikevich Tony J. Prescott Ehud Ahissar Eugene Izhikevich Editors Scholarpedia of Touch Scholarpedia Series editor Eugene Izhikevich, San Diego, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13574 Tony J. Prescott Ehud Ahissar (cid:129) Eugene Izhikevich Editors Scholarpedia of Touch Editors TonyJ. Prescott Eugene Izhikevich Department ofPsychology BrainCorporation University of Sheffield SanDiego, CA Sheffield USA UK EhudAhissar Department ofNeurobiology WeizmannInstitute ofScience Rehovot Israel Scholarpedia ISBN978-94-6239-132-1 ISBN978-94-6239-133-8 (eBook) DOI 10.2991/978-94-6239-133-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015948155 ©AtlantisPressandtheauthor(s)2016 Thisbook,oranypartsthereof,maynotbereproducedforcommercialpurposesinanyformorbyany means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrievalsystemknownortobeinvented,withoutpriorpermissionfromthePublisher. Printedonacid-freepaper Preface Touch is the ability to understand the world through physical contact. The noun “touch”andtheverb“totouch” derive from theOldFrench verb“tochier”.Touch perception is also described by the adjectives tactile, from the Latin “tactilis”, and haptic, from the Greek “haptόs”. Academic research concerned with touch is also often described as haptics. The aim of Scholarpedia of Touch, first published by Scholarpedia (www. scholarpedia.org), is to provide a comprehensive set of articles, written by leading researchers and peer reviewed by fellow scientists, detailing the current scientific understandingofthesenseoftouchandofitsneuralsubstratesinanimalsincluding humans. It is hoped that the encyclopedia will encourage sharing of ideas and insights between researchers working on different aspects of touch in different species, including research in synthetic touch systems. In addition, it is hoped that theencyclopediawillraiseawarenessaboutresearchintactilesensingandpromote increased scientific and public interest in the field. Our encyclopedia assembles a state-of-the-art understanding of the sense of touch across a broad range of species from invertebrates such as stick insects and spiders, terrestrial and marine mammals, through to humans. The different contri- butions show not only the varieties of touch—antennae, whiskers, fingertips—but also theircommonalities. Theyexplore how touch sensinghasevolved indifferent animal lineages, how it serves to provide rapid and reliable cues for controlling ongoing behaviour, how it develops, and how it can disintegrate when our brains begin to fail. In addition to analysing natural touch, we also consider how engi- neeringisbeginningtoexploitphysicalanaloguesofthesebiologicalsystemssoas to endow robots, and other engineered artefacts, with rich tactile sensing capabilities. v vi Preface Scope and Structure Following an introductory chapter—The World of Touch—our encyclopedia is structured into four parts: (cid:129) Comparative Touch There are a large number of specialist tactile sensory organsintheanimalkingdom.Thispartcontainsarticlesonanimalspeciesthat exhibit interesting or exceptional tactile sensing abilities. We particularly focus on antennal systems in insects, and on vibrissal systems in both terrestrial and marine mammals. (cid:129) ThePsychologyofTouchThestudyofhumancutaneoustouchhasarichand long history in psychology and psychophysics. The pioneering studies of Ernst Weber (1795–1878) distinguished different forms of touch—pressure, temper- ature, and pain—all of which are separately considered in our encyclopedia along with dynamical (effortful) touch, tactile perception offorce, and relevant forms of interoception (internal sensing) and proprioception (sense of body position). A particular focus of recent research has been towards the combina- tion of tactile sensing with manipulation and grasp in the human hand. Alongsidethestudyofhealthytouch,thispartalsoconsidersresearchontouch disorders, loss of tactile acuity with ageing, and the phenomenon of phantom touch. (cid:129) The Neuroscience of Touch A scientific understanding of the biological sub- strates for tactile sensing is beginning to emerge at all levels from the sensory peripherythroughtothesomatosensoryandmultimodalareasofcortex.Perhaps more than anyother sensorymodality,tactile sensing iscritically dependenton the movement of the sensing apparatus, therefore touch is increasingly studied from an active perception perspective—understanding active touch (in contrast to passive touch) as an intentional, information-seeking activity that combines sensing with actuation. The investigation of the sensorimotor control loops involved in mammalian active touch has been significantly advanced by the availabilityoftherodentvibrissalsensorysystemasananimalmodel.Thispart therefore combines studies in both primates (including humans) and rodents to show how neurobiological research is beginning to demonstrate an in-depth understanding of tactile sensing systems in mammals. (cid:129) Synthetic Touch Touch sensing is giving rise to a range of exciting new technologies.Thisparthighlightssomeofthemostpromisingtactilesensorsfor robots and haptic displays for the visually-impaired, through to virtual touch systems that can allow the extension of touch, through telecommunication technologies, as a modality for communication. Tony J. Prescott Ehud Ahissar Eugene Izhikevich Acknowledgments The Scholarpedia of Touch was sponsored in part by the European Union Framework 7 project BIOTACT (BIOmimetic Technology for vibrissal ACtive Touch) (FP7-ICT-215910), one of whose goals was to promote research in the fields of natural and synthetic tactile sensing. Tony J. Prescott’s contribution to editing the Encyclopaedia was also assisted by support from the Framework 7 Co-ordination Action “The Convergent Science Network of Biomimetics and Neurotechnology” (FP7-ICT-601167). The collaboration among the editors was facilitated by support from a Weizmann-UK grant from the Weizmann Institute of Science. All articles of this volume first appeared in Scholarpedia—the peer-reviewed open-accessencyclopedia.Theyallarefreelyavailableathttp://www.scholarpedia. org, and the readers are encouraged to revise and edit these articles to keep them up-to-date, similarly to how it is done in Wikipedia—the free encyclopedia. However,suchrevisionsandeditsarenotpublisheduntiltheyareapprovedbythe articles’ curators. The following Scholarpedia Assistants provided substantial assistance to the specified chapters: Swetamber Das (Tactile Temporal Order, Imaging Human Touch, Whisking Control by Motor Cortex), Javier Elkin (Touch in Aging), Serguei A. Mokhov (ModelsofTactilePerceptionandDevelopment,SystemsNeuroscienceofTouch), Shruti Muralidhar (S1 Microcircuits, Tactile Object Perception), Abdellatif Nemri (DynamicTouch),B.LungsiSharma(ASpider’sTactileHairs),andJuzarThingna (Tactile Substitution for Vision, Whisking Pattern Generation). Additionally, Nick Orbeck provided copy-editing for most of the articles, and Michelle Jones collated and edited the proof corrections. vii Contents Introduction: The World of Touch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tony J. Prescott and Volker Dürr Part I Comparative Touch Cockroach Antennae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Jiro Okada Stick Insect Antennae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Volker Dürr A Spider’s Tactile Hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Friedrich G. Barth Tactile Sensing in the Octopus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Frank Grasso and Martin Wells Tactile Sensing in the Naked Mole Rat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Christine M. Crish, Samuel D. Crish and Christopher Comer Vibrissal Behavior and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Tony J. Prescott, Ben Mitchinson and Robyn A. Grant Vibrissal Touch in the Etruscan Shrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Claudia Roth-Alpermann and Michael Brecht Vibrissal Touch in Pinnipeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Wolf Hanke and Guido Dehnhardt Tactile Hair in Manatees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Roger Reep and Diana K. Sarko ix x Contents Part II The Psychology of Touch Active Tactile Perception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Nathan Lepora Tactile Object Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Guy Nelinger, Eldad Assa and Ehud Ahissar Haptic Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Roberta Klatzky and Catherine L. Reed Haptic Saliency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Astrid M.L. Kappers and Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest Shape from Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Astrid M.L. Kappers and Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest Texture from Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Sliman Bensmaia Haptic Perception of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest and Astrid M.L. Kappers Dynamic (Effortful) Touch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Claudia Carello and Michael Turvey Observed Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Jamie Ward Painful Touch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Stuart Derbyshire Thermal Touch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Lynette Jones Tactile Control of Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Leif Johannsen, Alan Wing and Mark S. Redfern Tactile Temporal Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Shinya Yamamoto and Shigeru Kitazawa Tactile Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 C. Elaine Chapman and François Tremblay Crossmodal and Multisensory Interactions Between Vision and Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Simon Lacey and K. Sathian Aftereffects in Touch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Astrid M.L. Kappers and Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest
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