Schizophrenia, Second Edition

756 Pages·1995·6.852 MB·English

Schizophrenia
For Teresa
and Georgina, Colette, Eleanor and Phineas
SRH
For Leslie and Collin
DRW
Schizophrenia
Edited by
Steven R. Hirsch
MD FRCP FRCPsych
Professor of Psychiatry Emeritus, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine
Imperial College Faculty of Medicine
and
Director of Teaching Governance, West London Mental Health NHS Trust
London, UK
Daniel R. Weinberger
MD
Chief, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch
Intramural Research Program
National Institute of Mental Health
Bethesda
MD 20982, USA
SECOND EDITION
© 1995, 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd
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First published 1995
Reprinted 1996, 1997
Second edition 2003
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schizophrenia/edited by Steven R. Hirsch, Daniel R. Weinberger.—2nd ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-632-06388-2 (hardback)
1. Schizophrenia.
[DNLM: 1. Schizophrenia. WM 203 S33721 2003] I. Hirsch, Steven R. II. Weinberger, Daniel R. (Daniel
Roy)
RC 514.S33413 2003
616.89¢82—dc21 2002151908
ISBN 0-632-06388-2
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
Set in 9/12 Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Great Britain at the Bath Press, Bath
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Contents
Contributors,vii 17 Neuropathology of schizophrenia,310
P.J. Harrison & D.A. Lewis
Foreword by Nancy C. Andreasen,xi 18 Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder,326
D.R. Weinberger & S. Marenco
Preface to the Second Edition,xiii 19 The neurochemistry of schizophrenia,349
B. Moghaddam & J.H. Krystal
Preface to the First Edition,xv
20 Dopamine transmission in the schizophrenic brain,365
M. Laruelle
Part 1:Descriptive Aspects 21 Animal models of schizophrenia,388
1 Concepts and classification of schizophrenia, 3 B.K. Lipska & D.R. Weinberger
J.K. Wing & N. Agrawal 22 Brain imaging in schizophrenia,403
2 Descriptive psychopathology,15 P.Liddle & C. Pantelis
J. Cutting
3 The symptoms of schizophrenia,25 Part 3:Physical Treatments
R.L.M. Fuller, S.K. Schultz & N.C. Andreasen 23 The neuroscience and clinical psychopharmacology of
4 Child and adolescent onset schizophrenia,34 first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs,421
C. Hollis J.L. Waddington, S. Kapur & G.J. Remington
5 Atypical psychotic disorders,54 24 Acute pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia,442
C.B. Pull, J.M. Cloos & N.V. Murthy S. Miyamoto, T.S. Stroup, G.E. Duncan, A. Aoba &
6 Late-onset schizophrenia,68 J.A. Lieberman
R. Howard & D.V. Jeste 25 Maintenance treatment,474
7 The schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders,80 S.R. Marder & D.A. Wirshing
K. O’Flynn, J. Gruzelier, A. Bergman & L.J. Siever 26 Treatment-resistant schizophrenia,489
8 Course and outcome of schizophrenia,101 T.R.E. Barnes, P. Buckley & S.C. Schulz
H. Häfner & W. an der Heiden 27 Electroconvulsive therapy and schizophrenia,517
9 Depression and schizophrenia,142 H.A. Sackeim
S.G. Siris & C. Bench 28 Neuroleptic-induced acute extrapyramidal syndromes and
10 Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia,168 tardive dyskinesia,552
T.E. Goldberg, A. David & J.M. Gold V.S. Mattay & D.E. Casey
29 Non-neurological side-effects of antipsychotic drugs,573
Part 2:Biological Aspects D.C. Goff & R.I. Shader
11 The secondary schizophrenias,187
T.M. Hyde & S.W. Lewis Part 4:Psychosocial Aspects
12 The epidemiological horizon,203 30 Schizophrenia and violence,591
A. Jablensky P.J. Taylor & S.E. Estroff
13 Risk factors for schizophrenia: from conception to birth, 31 Schizophrenia and psychosocial stresses,613
232 P.E. Bebbington & E. Kuipers
J.J. McGrath & R.M. Murray 32 Psychiatric rehabilitation,637
14 Genetics and schizophrenia,251 T.K.J. Craig, R.P. Liberman, M. Browne, M.J. Robertson
B. Riley, P. Asherson & P. McGuffin & D. O’Flynn
15 Intermediate phenotypes in genetic studies of 33 Psychological treatments for schizophrenia,657
schizophrenia,277 B.V. Martindale, K.T. Mueser, E. Kuipers, T. Sensky &
M.F. Egan, M. Leboyer & D.R. Weinberger L. Green
16 Electrophysiology,298 34 Mental health services,688
D.F. Salisbury, S. Krljes & R.W. McCarley M. Muijen, F. Holloway & H. Goldman
v
CONTENTS
35 Psychosis and recovery: some patients’ perspectives,701 36 Economics of the treatment of schizophrenia,713
P.Chadwick, R. Lundin, G. Brown, A. McPartlin, S.M. Essock, L.K. Frisman & N.H. Covell
C. Brookman & J. Antoniou
Index, 725
vi
Contributors
N. Agrawal MB BS MD MSc MRCPsych P.F.BuckleyMD
Specialist Registrar and Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College
Department of Psychological Medicine, Imperial College School of of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NG, UK
D.E. Casey MD
N.C. Andreasen MD PhD Associate Director of Research, VISN 20 MIRECC, Mental Illness
Andrew H. Woods Chair of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver Research, Education and Clinical Center, Portland VA Medical Center;
College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, IA, USA; Director, The Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, Oregon Health and Science
MIND Institute, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, The University, Portland, OR, USA
University of New Mexico, NM, USA
P.K. Chadwick
J. Antoniou Lecturer in Psychology, Birkbeck College Faculty of Continuing
Patient contributor Education, University of London, London, UK
A. Aoba MD PhD J.M. Cloos MD
Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 1210 Luxembourg
Professor, Department of Neuropsychiatry, St Marianna University
School of Medicine, Japan
N.H. Covell PhD
P.J. Asherson MRCPsych PhD Research Associate, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and
Addiction Services (DMHAS), Hartford; Department of Psychology,
Senior Lecturer in Molecular Psychiatry, MRC Social Developmental
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Genetic Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park,
London SE5 8AF, UK
T.K.J. Craig MB BS PhD FRCPsych
T.R.E. Barnes MD FRCPsych DSc Professor, Division of Psychological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s and St
Thomas’ School of Medicine, St Thomas’s Hospital, London SE1 7EH,
Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychological
UK
Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W6 8RP, UK
J. Cutting MD FRCP FRCPsych MPhil
P.E. Bebbington PhD FRCP FRCPsych
Consultant Psychiatrist, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Institute of
Professor of Social and Community Psychiatry, University College
Psychiatry, London, UK
London, London, UK
A. David
C. Bench PhD
Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and GKT
Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience and
School of Medicine, London SE5 8AF, UK
Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of
Science, Technology and Medicine, London W6 8RP, UK G.E. Duncan PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North
A. Bergman PhD
Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Department of Psychology, St John’s University, Jamaica, NY 11439,
USA M. Egan MD
Staff Clinician and Principal Investigator, Clinical Brain Disorders
C. Brookman
Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814-
Patient contributor 9692, USA
G. Brown (alias) S.M. Essock PhD
Patient contributor Professor and Director of the Division of Health Services Research,
Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New
M. Browne MA York University, New York; Evaluation Director, Veterans Affairs New
Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, York Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and
NE, USA Clinical Center (MIRECC), Bronx, NY, USA
vii
CONTRIBUTORS
S.E. Estroff R. Howard MD
Professor, Department of Social Medicine, Adjunct Professor in Professor of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychopathology, Institute of
Anthropology and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
T.M. Hyde MD PhD
L.K. Frisman PhD Neuropathology Section, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National
Director of Research, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National
Addiction Services (DMHAS), Hartford; Research Professor, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,
USA A. Jablensky MD DMSc FRCPsych
Professor of Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical
R.L.M. Fuller PhD Neuroscience, University of Western Australia, Australia
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA D.V. Jeste MD
Estelle and Edgar Levi Chair in Aging, Professor of Psychiatry and
D. Goff MD Neurosciences, Chief, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, University of
Director, Schizophrenia Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, California; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
S. Kapur MD PhD FRCP(C)
J.M. Gold PhD Research Chair in Schizophrenia and Neuroscience, Clarke Division of
CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
Associate Professor, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
S. Krljes MSc
T.E. GoldbergPhD Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College,
London, UK
Chief, Unit on Experimental Neuropsychology, Clinical Brain
Disorders Branch, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
J.H. Krystal MD
H. Goldman Professor of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
E. Kuipers BSc MSc PhD FBPsS
Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute
L. Green MA MB BS MRCPsych MSc
of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
Specialist Registrar in General Adult Psychiatry, The Gordon Hospital,
London SW1V 2RH, UK M. Laruelle MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University
J. Gruzelier
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Imperial
Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
College School of Medicine, London W6 8RP, UK
M. Leboyer
H. Häfner MD PhD Dres.h.c. Professor em. of Psychiatry
Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, 94000 Créteil,
Professor of Psychiatry, Head, Schizophrenia Research Unit, Central
France
Institute of Mental Health, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
D.A. Lewis MD
P.J. Harrison
Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Director,
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Center for the Neuroscience of Mental Disorders, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
W.an der Heiden DIPL.-PSYCHPhD
Deputy Head, Schizophrenia Research Unit, Central Institute of S.W. Lewis MD FRCPsych
Mental Health, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany Professor of Adult Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Behavioural
Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
C. Hollis BSc PhD DCH MRCPsych
Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of R.P. Liberman MD
Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, Professor, UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral
UK Sciences; Director, UCLA Psych REHAB Program, 300 UCLA
Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
F.HollowayFRCPsych
Consultant Psychiatrist and Clinical Director, Croydon Integrated P.LiddleBM BCh PhD MRCPsych
Adult Mental Health Service, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical
Kent BR3 3BX, UK Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
viii
CONTRIBUTORS
J.A. Lieberman MD K.T. Mueser PhD
Thad and Alice Eure Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Vice- Licensed Clinical Psychologist, Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Professor of Psychiatry, and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School,
Pharmacology and Radiology, University of North Carolina School of New Hampshire–Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center, Concord,
Medicine, NC, USA NH 03301, USA
B.K. Lipska PhD M. Muijen
Chief, Unit on Animal Models, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Chief Executive, Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, London SE1
NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 1LB, UK
R. Lundin R.M. Murray MD DSc FRCP FRCPsych
Patient contributor Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
R.W. McCarley MD N.V. Murthy DPM MSc MRCPsych
Professor and Director, Laboratory of Neuroscience, and Chair,
Specialist Registrar, West London Mental Health NHS Trust, Southall,
Harvard Department of Psychiatry, Deputy Chief of Staff/Mental
Middlesex UB1 3HS, UK
Health Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA 02301,
USA
D. O’Flynn MB BS MRCPsych
Consultant Psychiatrist, Rehabilitation Services, Lambeth Hospital,
J.J. McGrath MB BS FRANZCP
South London; Maudsley NHS Trust, London SW9 9NT, UK
Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Research, University of
Queensland, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Q4076,
K. O’Flynn MD
Australia
Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
P.McGuffinMB PhD FRCP FRCPsych New York, NY 10029, USA
Director and Professor of Psychiatric Genetics, MRC Social Genetic
and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Research Centre, Institute of C. Pantelis MB BS MRCPsych FRANZCP
Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK Associate Professor and Head, Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research
and Academic Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The University of
A. McPartlin Melbourne, Australia; Co-ordinator, Applied Schizophrenia Division,
Mental Health Research Institute, Principal Fellow, Centre for
Patient contributor
Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Australia
S.R. Marder MD
Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral C.B. Pull MD MA
Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Chairman of the Department of
Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 1210
Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Luxembourg
S. Marenco MD G.J. Remington MD PhD FRCP(C)
Senior Staff Fellow, NIMH, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Professor of Psychiatry, Clarke Division of CAMH, University of
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
B.V. Martindale MB BS MRCP FRCPsych B. Riley PhD
Consultant Psychiatrist in Psychotherapy and Honorary Senior Director of Molecular Genetics, Assistant Professor, Departments of
Lecturer, Imperial College School of Medicine, West London Mental Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and
Health Trust, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA, USA
V.S. Mattay MD
Chief, Unit on Clinical Neuroimaging, Clinical Brain Disorders M.J. Robertson MS
Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Research Associate, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute; Administrator
and Director of Training, UCLA Psych REHAB Program, 300 UCLA
S. Miyamoto MD PhD Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Instructor, Department of Neuropsychiatry, St Marianna University
School of Medicine, Japan H.A. Sackeim PhD
Chief, Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State
B. Moghaddam PhD Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA; Professor, Departments of Psychiatry
Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of and Radiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA University, NY, USA
ix
CONTRIBUTORS
D.F. Salisbury PhD T.S. Stroup MD MPH
Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cognitive Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North
Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-
Laboratory of Neuroscience, Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare 7160, USA
System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA, USA
P.J. Taylor MB BS MRCP FRCPsych
S.K. Schultz MD Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of SE5 8AF, UK; Honorary Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Broadmoor
Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA Hospital, Crowthorne RG45 7EG, UK
S.C. Schulz MD J.L. Waddington PhD DSc
Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
University of Minnesota, MN, USA Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
T.SenskyBSc PhD MB BS FRCPsych D.R. Weinberger MD
Reader in Psychological Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Chief, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program,
Technology and Medicine, West Middlesex University Hospital, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 6AF, UK
J.K. Wing CBE MD
R.I. Shader MD Retired
Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Program
Director for Graduate Education, Professor of Psychiatry, Tufts D.A. Wirshing MD
University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and
Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA;
Staff Psychiatrist, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los
L.J. Siever MD Angeles, CA, USA
Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School
of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
S.G. Siris MD
Professor of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director,
Division of Continuing Psychiatric Services for Schizophrenia and
Related Conditions, The Zucker-Hillside Hospital, Long Island Jewish
Medical Center, Long Island, NY, USA
x