Schizophrenia: Current science and clinical practice PDF
Preview Schizophrenia: Current science and clinical practice
P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: Current Science and Clinical Practice, First Edition. Edited by Wolfgang Gaebel. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-71054-8 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome WorldPsychiatricAssociationEvidenceandExperienceinPsychiatrySeries SeriesEditor:HelenHerrman,WPASecretaryforPublications,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia DepressiveDisorders,3e EditedbyHelenHerrman,MarioMajandNormanSartorius ISBN:9780470987209 SubstanceAbuseDisorders EditedbyHamidGhodse,HelenHerrman,MarioMajandNormanSartorius ISBN:9780470745106 PosttraumaticStressDisorder EditedbyDanJStein,MatthewJFriedmanandCarlosBlanco ISBN:9780470688977 Schizophrenia2e EditedbyMarioMaj,NormanSartorius ISBN:9780470849644 Dementia2e EditedbyMarioMaj,NormanSartorius ISBN:9780470849637 Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorders2e EditedbyMarioMaj,NormanSartorius,AhmedOkasha,JosephZohar ISBN:9780470849668 BipolarDisorders EditedbyMarioMaj,HagopSAkiskal,JuanJose´Lo´pez-Ibor,NormanSartorius ISBN:9780471560371 EatingDisorders EditedbyMarioMaj,KathrineHalmi,JuanJose´Lo´pez-Ibor,NormanSartorius ISBN:9780470848654 Phobias EditedbyMarioMaj,HagopSAkiskal,JuanJose´Lo´pez-Ibor,AhmedOkasha ISBN:9780470858332 PersonalityDisorders EditedbyMarioMaj,HagopSAkiskal,JuanEMezzich ISBN:9780470090367 SomatoformDisorders EditedbyMarioMaj,HagopSAkiskal,JuanEMezzich,AhmedOkasha ISBN:9780470016121 CurrentScienceandClinicalPracticeSeries SeriesEditor:HelenHerrman,WPASecretaryforPublications,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia Schizophrenia EditedbyWolfgangGaebel ISBN:9780470710548 ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder EditedbyJosephZohar ISBN:9780470711255 http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome Schizophrenia Current Science and Clinical Practice Editor Wolfgang Gaebel Heinrich-HeineUniversity,Du¨sseldorf,Germany AJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,Publication P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome Thiseditionfirstpublished2011(cid:1)c 2011byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific, TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. Registeredoffice:JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedby theUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.This publicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered. Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessional adviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Schizophrenia:currentscienceandclinicalpractice/editor,WolfgangGaebel. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-71054-8(cloth)–ISBN978-0-470-97868-9(ePDF) 1.Schizophrenia. I.Gaebel,Wolfgang. [DNLM:1.Schizophrenia. 2.Schizophrenia–therapy. WM203] RC514.S33522011 616.89(cid:1)8–dc22 2010047250 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformat:ePDF9780470978689,WileyOnlineLibrary: 9780470978672;Epub978047097310 Setin11/13TimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India. FirstImpression2011 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome Contents ListofContributors xi Preface xv 1 Diagnosisandrevisionoftheclassificationsystems 1 AssenJablensky Introduction 1 Originandevolutionoftheconceptofschizophrenia 2 Kraepelin’s‘clinicalforms’ 3 Bleuler’s‘groupofschizophrenias’ 4 Leonhard’s‘endogenouspsychoses’ 5 ClassificationofpsychosesinFrenchpsychiatry 5 Otherpost-Kraepelinianandpost-Bleuleriansubtypes anddichotomies 5 Theschizophreniaspectrumconcept 8 Statisticallyderivedclustersandsymptomdimensions 8 SchizophreniainICD-10andDSM-IV 9 Originsofthetwoclassifications 10 BothDSM-IVandICD-10aredescendantsofthe Kraepeliniannosology 10 Criteriaforassessingthediagnosticclassificationofschizophrenia 13 Positiveimpactandunintendedadverseeffects 13 Clinicalrelevanceandcognitiveeaseofuse 14 Utilityinresearch 15 Reliability 16 Conceptsofvalidity 16 Predictivevalidity:courseandoutcome 17 Criterionvalidity:genetics 19 Aspectsofculture 21 Reducingstigma 21 Revisionoftheclassifications:prospectsforschizophrenia 22 Oneclassificationormany? 22 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome vi CONTENTS Criticalissuesintherevisionprocess 22 Diseaseorabroadsyndrome? 22 ‘Deconstructing’schizophrenia:categoriesordimensions? 23 Endophenotypes 23 Theconceptofutility 24 Conclusion 25 References 26 2 Pathophysiologyofschizophrenia 31 PeterFalkai,AndreaSchmittandTyroneD.Cannon Introduction 31 Majorfindingsandrelatedpathophysiologicalhypotheses 32 Symptomdomainsandneurotransmitterhypotheses 32 Fromdomainstodisturbedneuronalnetworks 38 Fromnetworkstothecellularlevel 42 Hypothesisofdisturbedsynaptogenesisandneurogenesis 48 Effectsofantipsychotics 50 Summaryandconclusions 51 References 51 3 Neurocognition,socialcognitionandfunctionaloutcome inschizophrenia 67 WilliamP.Horan,Philippe-OlivierHarvey,RobertS.Kern andMichaelF.Green Introduction 67 Neurocognitioninschizophrenia 68 Domains,measurementandmagnitudeofimpairment 69 Neurocognitionasacoredeficitofschizophrenia 69 Associationswithfunctionaloutcome 71 TheNIMH-MATRICSinitiativeandcurrentresearchdirections 72 Socialcognition 74 Domains,measurementandmagnitudeofimpairment 75 Socialcognitionasacorefeatureofschizophrenia 79 Associationwithfunctionaloutcome 80 Currentresearchdirections 80 Relationshipsamongneurocognition,socialcognitionand functionaloutcome 81 Distinctivenessofneurocognitionandsocialcognition 81 Socialcognitionasamediator 82 Futuredirections 91 References 95 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome CONTENTS vii 4 Thegeneticsofschizophrenia 109 JamesT.R.Walters,MichaelO’Donovan, andMichaelJ.Owen Introduction 109 Geneticepidemiologyofschizophrenia 110 Family,twinandadoptionstudiesofschizophrenia 110 Geneticepidemiology–informingdiagnosis? 111 Moleculargeneticsofschizophrenia 113 Linkage 114 Positionalcandidatestudies 115 Functionalcandidatestudies 116 Chromosomalabnormalities 120 Genomewideassociationstudies 121 GWASinschizophrenia 122 Copynumbervariation 126 Thefutureofschizophreniagenetics 130 Schizophreniageneticsintheclinic? 133 Conclusions 134 Acknowledgements 134 References 134 5 Earlyrecognition andpreventionofschizophrenia 141 PatrickD.McGorryandSherilynGoldstone Thecontextforearlyrecognitionandprevention 141 Theprodromalstage:definitionandassessment 143 Treatmentduringtheprodromalstage 146 Thepsychosisrisksyndrome:anoveldiagnosticentity? 150 Ethicalissues 154 Summaryandconclusions 155 References 156 6 Pharmacologicaltreatment 161 JonathanE.SherinandStephenR.Marder Introduction 161 Currentstateofpharmacologicaltreatment 162 Phasesofschizophrenia 163 Acutephasetreatment 163 Stabilizationphasetreatment 166 Maintenancephasetreatment 166 Treatmentresistantpatients 167 Managingfirstepisodes 168 Newerantipsychotics 168 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome viii CONTENTS Personalisingdrugtreatmentinschizophrenia 169 Cognitionandnegativesymptomsastherapeutictargets 170 Glutamatergictargets 171 Dopaminetargets 172 Cholinergictargets 174 Histaminetargets 176 Summary 178 References 178 7 Cognitive-behaviouralinterventions 185 SuzanneJolleyandPhilippaGarety Introduction 185 Thedevelopmentofcognitivebehaviouralapproachesto schizophrenia-spectrumpsychosis 186 Cognitivebehaviouralmodelsofpsychosis 186 Biopsychosocialvulnerability 186 Lifeeventsandschematicbeliefs 187 Theroleofaffect 188 Thecentralroleofappraisal 189 Reasoningbiases 190 Anomalousexperiences 191 Theroleofbehaviour 192 Insightandillnessappraisals 192 Cognitivebehaviouraltherapyinschizophrenia 193 Psychotherapyinschizophrenia:morethanunspecificlearning? 196 Combiningpsychotherapyandpharmacotherapy 197 Efficacyofcognitivebehaviouraltherapyforpsychosis(CBTp) 198 Futuredevelopments 201 Conclusions 203 Acknowledgements 203 References 203 8 Management,rehabilitation,stigma 217 WulfRo¨ssler Introduction 217 Managingschizophrenia:integrativeapproaches 218 Burdenforpatients,familiesandcommunities 218 Genderissues 220 Mortality 222 Legalproblems 223 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome CONTENTS ix Healthcaresettingsforschizophreniapatients: whichsettingisoptimal? 225 Psychiatricrehabilitation 227 Theinternationalclassificationoffunctioning,disability andhealth 227 Targetpopulation 229 Conceptualframework 229 Currentapproaches 230 Individual-centredrehabilitation 230 Cognitivebehaviouraltherapy 231 Socialskillstraining 232 Ecologicalapproachtorehabilitation 233 Housing 233 Work 234 Participationincommunitylifewithfullrights 235 Thecontributionofmentalhealthprofessionalstostigma anddiscrimination 237 Theroleofthepsychiatristinthemanagementand rehabilitationofschizophreniapatients 238 Outlook 239 References 239 Index 247 P1:FCG/SPH P2:FCG/SPH QC:FCG/SPH T1:SPH fm JWST038-Gaebel March28,2011 21:12 PrinterName:YettoCome List of Contributors TyroneD.Cannon DepartmentsofPsychologyandPsychiatryandBiobehavioralSciencesandStaglin CenterforCognitiveNeuroscience UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles 1285FranzHall LosAngeles CA 90095-1563 USA PeterFalkai DepartmentofPsychiatryandPsychotherapy UniversityofGo¨ttingen Von-Siebold-Str.5 37075Go¨ttingen Germany PhilippaGarety King’sCollegeLondon InstituteofPsychiatry,DepartmentofPsychology 16DeCrespignyPark DenmarkHill London,SE58AF UK SherilynGoldstone CentreforYouthMentalHealth OrygenYouthHealthResearchCentre UniversityofMelbourne Parkville,VIC3052 Australia
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