Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film: Volume 1 - Academy Awards - Crime Films PDF
Preview Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film: Volume 1 - Academy Awards - Crime Films
Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film VOLUME1 ACADEMY AWARDS(cid:2)–CRIME FILMS Barry Keith Grant EDITORINCHIEF SchirmerEncyclopediaofFilm BarryKeithGrant ProjectEditor EditorialSupportServices ImagingandMultimedia MichaelJ.Tyrkus LuannBrennan,PaulLewon DeanDauphinais,MaryGrimes,LezlieLight, MichaelLogusz,ChristineO’Bryan Editorial Research TomBurns,JimCraddock,ElizabethCranston, ProductDesign SueRudolph KristenA.Dorsch,DanaFerguson,Allison JenniferWahi-Bradley Marion,KathleenD.Meek,KathleenLopez Nolan,KevinNothnagel,MarieToft,Yolanda RightsandAcquisitions Manufacturing Williams RonMontgomery,JessicaStitt WendyBlurton,EviSeoud ª2007SchirmerReference,animprintof Forpermissiontousematerialfromthispro- Coverphotographsreproducedbypermission ThomsonGale,apartofTheThomson duct,submityourrequestviaWebathttp:// ofEverettCollection. 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ISBN-13:978-0-02-865791-2(sethardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-10:0-02-865791-8 ISBN-13:978-0-02-865792-9(vol.1:alk.paper) ISBN-10:0-02-865792-6 [etc.] 1.Motionpictures–Encyclopedias. I.Title. PN1993.45.G652007 791.4303–dc22 2006013419 ISBN-13: ISBN-10: 978-0-02-865791-2(set) 0-02-865791-8(set) 978-0-02-865792-9(vol.1) 0-02-865792-6(vol.1) 978-0-02-865793-6(vol.2) 0-02-865793-4(vol.2) 978-0-02-865794-3(vol.3) 0-02-865794-2(vol.3) 978-0-02-865795-0(vol.4) 0-02-865795-0(vol.4) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbook isavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book ISBN-13:978-0-02-866100-1(set),ISBN-10:0-02-866100-1(set) ContactyourThomsonGalesalesrepresentativefororderinginformation. PrintedinChina 10987654321 Editorial Board EDITORINCHIEF Barry Keith Grant Professor of Film Studies and Popular Culture at Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada Author, editor, or co-author of more than a dozen books on film, including Documenting the Documentary: Close Readings ofDocumentaryFilm andVideo,The FilmStudies Dictionary, Film Genre Reader III, and Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology. He also edits the Contemporary Approaches to Film and Television series for Wayne State University Press and the New Approaches to Film Genre series for Blackwell Publishers. ADVISORYEDITORS David Desser Professor of Cinema Studies, Comparative Literature, East Asian Languages and Cultures, and Jewish Studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign Author of The Samurai Films of Akira Kurosawa, Eros plus Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave Cinema; co-author of American Jewish Filmmakers; editor of Ozu’s ‘‘Tokyo Story’’; and the co-editor of a number of other books on Asian cinema. Jim Hillier FormerSeniorLecturerinFilmStudiesattheUniversityof Reading(UK)intheDepartmentofFilm,Theatre&Television Publications include: as editor, Cahiers du Cin´ema Vol. 1: the1950sandVol.2:the1960s,andAmericanIndependent Cinema; and, as author, The New Hollywood. Janet Staiger William P. Hobby Centennial Professor in Communication at the University of Texas at Austin Author of Media Reception Studies, Blockbuster TV: Must-See Sitcoms in the Network Era, Perverse Spectators: The Practices of Film Reception, and co-editor of Authorship and Film. Contents VOLUME1 Preface IX List of Articles XI ACADEMY AWARDS(cid:2)–CRIME FILMS 1 Index 411 VOLUME2 List of Articles IX CRITICISM–IDEOLOGY 1 Index 413 VOLUME3 List of Articles IX INDEPENDENT FILM–ROAD MOVIES 1 Index 423 VOLUME4 List of Articles IX ROMANTIC COMEDY–YUGOSLAVIA 1 Glossary 409 Notes on Advisors and Contributors 419 Index 433 VII Preface The Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film is intended as a standard reference work in the field of filmstudies.Designedtomeettheneedsofgeneralreaders,universitystudents,highschool studentsandteachers,itoffersacomprehensiveandaccessibleoverviewoffilmhistoryand theory with an American emphasis. SCOPE OF THE WORK Readers will find in the Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film the major facts about film history, clearexplanationsofthemaintheoreticalconceptsandlinesofscholarlyinterpretation,and guidance through important debates. Approaching cinema as art, entertainment, and industry, the Encyclopedia features entries on all important genres, studios, and national cinemas, as well as entries on relevant technological and industrial topics, cultural issues, and critical approaches to film. Tobesure,therearenumerousotherreferenceworksandfilmencyclopediasavailable, on the shelves of both retail bookstores and library reference sections. However, the Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film is distinctive in format and coverage. The Encyclopedia’s 200 entries are substantial in length—from approximately 1,500 to 9,000 words. Even as these essays distill influential scholarship in different areas of film studies, they also offer fresh arguments and perspectives. Accompanyingthemainentriesaremorethan230sidebarsprofilingimportantfigures infilmhistory.Morethancareersummaries,eachprofileplacesthesubject’sachievements withinthecontextoftheparticularentryitaccompanies,offeringahistoricalortheoretical perspective on the person profiled. GUIDE TO THE WORK Within the main entries, the first mention of a film title is the film’s original language title followed parenthetically by the American release title, the name of the director (if it is not mentionedinthetext),andtheyearofthefilm’srelease.AtitlethathasnoEnglishreleasetitleis translated parenthetically butnot italicized. In subsequent mentions of non-English language titleswithinthesameentry,themostwell-knowntitleisused.Alsouponfirstmention,thenames ofhistoricallyimportantfiguresarefollowedparentheticallybythedatesofbirthanddeath. Each of the entries is followed by a Further Reading section. These bibliographies include both any works referenced in the body of the entry and other major works on the IX PREFACE subject in English. In a few instances books or articles published in languages other than Englisharementionedwhereappropriate.Forthemostpart,referencestoInternetsources are not included, because of their more fleeting nature, except where appropriate. The sidebars—highlighting important individual accomplishments—are color-coded to indicate broadly the type of achievement discussed. Sidebars for actors and performers are shaded in green, directors in blue, and those involved in other aspects of film production in yellow. People whose influence has been more culturally pervasive and not restricted primarily to cinema, are shaded in tan. Each of the sidebars is followed by headings for Recommended Viewing and Further Reading. The viewing sections are not complete filmographies but suggest the best, most representative,ormostusefulworksconcerningthepersonprofiled.Similarly,thereading lists are not meant as definitive lists but are intended to steer the reader by citing the principal sources of information regarding the subject. The Encyclopedia also features an Index and a Glossary. The comprehensive index, including alltopics,concepts,names,and terms discussedinthework,willenablereaders tolocateinformationthroughouttheEncyclopediainamorethoroughmannerthancross- referencesprovidedattheendofentries.ReadersshouldusetheGlossarytotracksubjects not treated in separate articles but discussed within the context of multiple articles. The Glossaryprovidesconcisedefinitionsoftermsusedintheentriesaswellasotherbasicfilm studies terms that informed readers should know. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Editor-in-Chief wishes to thank all of the contributors for their expertise and professionalism. The Editorial Advisory Board, consisting of Professors David Desser, Jim Hillier, and Janet Staiger, provided invaluable editorial guidance. Nevertheless, the realization of this Encyclopedia would not have been possible without the expertise and tireless efforts of Mike Tyrkus, Senior Content Project Editor at Thomson Gale and Project Coordinator for the Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film, who, among other duties, coordinated the submission and copyediting of the work of the 150 contributing scholars from nearly twenty countries whose writings comprise these pages. Barry Keith Grant X SCHIRMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FILM List of Articles VOLUME1 AUSTRALIA CHILDREN’S FILMS Geoff Mayer Timothy Shary ACADEMY AWARDS(cid:2) Diane Carson AUTEUR THEORY AND AUTHORSHIP CHILE Jim Hillier Catherine L. Benamou and ACTING Andreea Marinescu Cynthia Baron B MOVIES Eric Schaefer CHINA ACTION AND ADVENTURE FILMS John A. Lent and Xu Ying Yvonne Tasker BIOGRAPHY Marcia Landy CHOREOGRAPHY ADAPTATION Barbara Cohen-Stratyner Graham Petrie BRAZIL Ana Del Sarto and Abril Trigo CINEMATOGRAPHY AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Murray Pomerance Sheila Petty CAMERA Kristen Anderson Wagner CINEPHILIA AFRICAN AMERICAN CINEMA Catherine Russell Frances K. Gateward CAMERA MOVEMENT Lisa Dombrowski CLASS AGENTS AND AGENCIES Sean Griffin CAMP Tino Balio Harry M. Benshoff COLD WAR ANIMAL ACTORS Kim Newman CANADA Murray Pomerance Barry Keith Grant COLLABORATION ANIMATION John C. Tibbetts and Jim Welsh CANON AND CANONICITY Paul Wells Lisa Dombrowski COLONIALISM AND ARAB CINEMA CARTOONS POSTCOLONIALISM Malek Khouri Paul Wells Corinn Columpar ARCHIVES CASTING COLOR Jan-Christopher Horak Dennis Bingham Murray Pomerance ARGENTINA CENSORSHIP COLUMBIA David William Foster Ian Conrich Thomas Schatz ART CINEMA CHARACTER ACTORS COMEDY Tom Ryall Dennis Bingham Wes D. Gehring ASIAN AMERICAN CINEMA CHILD ACTORS COMICS AND COMIC BOOKS Peter X Feng Timothy Shary Bart Beaty XI LIST OF ARTICLES CO-PRODUCTIONS EXPERIMENTAL FILM HISTORICAL FILMS Mark Betz Craig Fischer Robert Burgoyne COSTUME EXPLOITATION FILMS HOLOCAUST Drake Stutesman Eric Schaefer Maureen Turim CREDITS EXPRESSIONISM HONG KONG Murray Pomerance Jan-Christopher Horak Jenny Kwok Wah Lau CREW FANS AND FANDOM HORROR FILMS Deborah Allison and Joseph Lampel Matt Hills Barry Keith Grant CRIME FILMS FANTASY FILMS HUNGARY Thomas Leitch Katherine A. Fowkes Graham Petrie FASHION IDEOLOGY VOLUME2 Stella Bruzzi Douglas Kellner FEMINISM CRITICISM E. Ann Kaplan Robin Wood VOLUME3 FESTIVALS CUBA INDEPENDENT FILM David Sterritt Ruth Goldberg Jon Lewis FILM HISTORY CULT FILMS Gregory A. Waller INDIA Mikita Brottman Corey K. Creekmur and FILM NOIR Jyotika Virdi CZECHOSLOVAKIA William Luhr Peter Hames INTERNET FILM STOCK James Castonguay DANCE Erin Foster Barbara Cohen-Stratyner IRAN FILM STUDIES Mita Lad DENMARK Bill Nichols Peter Schepelern IRELAND FINE ART Martin McLoone DIALOGUE Angela Dalle Vacche Sarah Kozloff ISRAEL FINLAND Nitzan Ben-Shaul DIASPORIC CINEMA Tytti Soila Michael T. Martin and Marilyn ITALY Yaquinto FRANCE Peter Bondanella Hilary Ann Radner DIRECTION JAPAN Aaron E. N. Taylor GANGSTER FILMS David Desser Thomas Leitch DISASTER FILMS JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES GAY, LESBIAN, AND QUEER CINEMA Maurice Yacowar Ian Conrich Harry M. Benshoff DISTRIBUTION KOREA GENDER Tino Balio Kyung Hyun Kim Alison Butler DOCUMENTARY LATINOS AND CINEMA GENRE Barry Keith Grant Mary Beltra´n Barry Keith Grant DUBBING AND SUBTITLING LIGHTING GERMANY Mark Betz Deborah Allison Stan Jones EARLY CINEMA GREAT BRITAIN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA Charlie Keil Scott Henderson Adam Knee EDITING GREAT DEPRESSION MAKEUP Stephen Prince Charles J. Maland Drake Stutesman EGYPT GREECE MARTIAL ARTS FILMS Samirah Alkassim Dan Georgakas David Desser EPIC FILMS GUILDS AND UNIONS MARXISM Steve Neale Janet Wasko Christopher Sharrett EXHIBITION HERITAGE FILMS MELODRAMA Gregory A. Waller Anne Morey John Mercer XII SCHIRMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FILM
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