Schaum's outlines: biology

474 Pages·2013·9.42 MB·English

by  Fried, George;Hademenos, George J

®
Biology
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®
Biology
Fourth Edition
George H. Fried, PhD
Professor of Biology, Brooklyn College
George J. Hademenos, PhD
Former Visiting Assistant Professor
Department of Physics, University of Dallas
Schaum’s Outline Series
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GEORGE H. FRIED was Professor of Biology at Brooklyn College. He received his AB from Brooklyn College, and his MS and PhD from the University of
Tennessee at Knoxville. His research interests have centered on metabolic aspects of comparative physiology and the enzymatic factors in genetic and experimental
obesities. From 1983 to 1987 he served as chairperson of the Biology Department of Brooklyn College. He has taught courses in general biology and animal physiology
and has developed a course in Biology and Society during a 30-year teaching career.
GEORGE J. HADEMENOS is a former Visiting Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Dallas. He received his BS from Angelo State University, his MS
and PhD from the University of Texas at Dallas, and completed postdoctoral fellowships in nuclear medicine from the University of Massachusetts Medical Center
and in radiological sciences/biomedical physics at UCLA Medical Center. His research interests have involved potential applications of physics to the biological and
medical sciences, particularly with cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. He has published his work in journals such as American Scientist, Physics Today, Neurosurgery,
and Stroke. In addition, he has written several books, including: The Physics of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Biophysical Mechanisms of Development, Diagnosis, and
Therapy, published by Springer-Verlag, and McGraw-Hill’s MCAT. He currently teaches general and advanced physics courses.
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ISBN: 978-0-07-181131-6
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To my wife, Lillian, for her patience
and to Sylvia, Ellen, and Judy
G.H.F.
To Kelly and Alexandra,
for their undying love
and tireless support.
G.J.H.
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Preface
Biology has undergone tremendous changes since the seminal contributions of Watson and Crick
inauguratedtheeraofmolecularbiology(1953).Themoredescriptiveaspectsofthefield,longassociated
withtheoldernotionofbiologyasnaturalhistory,havebeencomplementedbyinvestigativeinsightsthat
afford an understanding of life in terms of the precise characteristics of macromolecules such as DNA,
RNA, and protein. To a marked extent, heredity, development, the control of cell function and even
evolution have become better understood by applying the probes of molecular biology.
However,thedramaoflifeanditsevolvingdiversityandscope,requiresaperspectiveoftimeandan
appreciation of meticulous descriptive detail to be truly appreciated. To cover these descriptive and
historicalaspectswhileelucidatingwiththoroughnessthebiochemicalandmolecularapproachesimposes
a daunting challenge to anyone undertaking a concise treatment of modern biology. Maintaining such a
balance has been a continuing aim here.
In the outline format, each chapter independently summarizes the material of its major theme and is
followedbyaseriesofsolvedproblemswhichprovidesbothgreaterdepthandanopportunitytoclarify
materialwhichthestudenthasnotcompletelyunderstood.Allofthemajorthemesexpectedinaone-year
biology course at the introductory level are covered in the thirty-three chapters.
Althoughthisbookcouldserveasaprimarytextinelementarycollegebiology,itisprimarilyintended
as a supplementary text to improve the student’s understanding and achievement in the course. In
providingsolutionstotheproblemsinthelatterpartofeachchapter,emphasishasbeenplacedonclarity
andtheimportanceofmasteringfundamentals.Manyoftheproblemsusedherearederivedfromactual
classroom situations.
Biology need not demand relevance. Our very aliveness underscores the intimacy of the connection
between the discipline of biology and our everyday concerns. I trust that the material which has been
gatheredherewillinspireunderstandinginitsreadersandpromoteanexcitementandreverenceforlifeas
well as responsible conserving citizenship.
IshouldliketothankElizabethZayatz,whoplayedasignificantroleinencouragingusandfilteringour
original product through her keen editorial acumen.Thanks are due also toMeg Tobin, who guidedthe
finalstepsofmanuscriptpreparation.Butourgreatestdebtistothegenerationsofstudentswhosharedin
the adventure of the pursuit of knowledge.
GEORGE H. FRIED
GEORGE J. HADEMENOS
vii
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Contents
PART I FundamentalsofBiology
CHAPTER 1 The Basic Structure of Science 3
1.1 The Methods of Science 1.2 Biology as a Science 1.3 The Significance
of Evolution 1.4 Organization of Life
CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Life: An Inorganic Perspective 12
2.1 Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonding 2.2 Chemical Reactions and
the Concept of Equilibrium 2.2 Colligative Properties of Solutions 2.3 The
Laws of Thermodynamics 2.4 The Special Case of Water 2.5 Maintaining
Stable pH in Living Systems
CHAPTER 3 The Chemistry of Life: The Organic Level 28
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Carbohydrates 3.3 Proteins 3.4 Structure and Func-
tions of Lipids 3.5 The Chemical Basis of Living Systems
PART II BiologyoftheCell
CHAPTER 4 The Cellular Organization of Life 43
4.1 The Cell Doctrine 4.2 Cellular Organization 4.3 Cellular Orga-
nelles 4.4 Plant and Animal Cells: Tissue Organization 4.5 Cell Size and
Its Constraints 4.6 Movement Into and Out of the Cell
CHAPTER 5 Energy Transformations 60
5.1 Energy and Life 5.2 Thermodynamics 5.3 Cell Metabolism 5.4 Bioe-
nergetics
CHAPTER 6 Photosynthesis 79
6.1 An Overall View 6.2 The Light Reaction 6.3 The Dark Reaction
(Calvin-BensonCycle) 6.4Photorespiration 6.5TheC Pathway 6.6Struc-
4
ture and Function in the Chloroplast
PART III GeneticsandInheritance
CHAPTER 7 The Nature of the Gene 93
7.1 The Concept of Information Processing in the Cell 7.2 The Search for
the Chemical Bases of Inheritance 7.3 Encoding Information—The
Language of the Gene 7.4 Processing the Information—Protein Synth-
esis 7.5 Reproduction of Information—DNA Replication 7.6 Modification
of Information—Mutation 7.7 Genetic Engineering
ix