schaum's outline of Thermodynamics for engineers PDF
Preview schaum's outline of Thermodynamics for engineers
SCHAUM'S® outlines Thermodynamics for Engineers Fourth Edition Merle C. Potter, PhD Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering Michigan State University Craig W. Somerton, PhD Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Michigan State University Schaum’s Outline Series New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 1 02/09/19 1:34 PM MERLE C. POTTER has BS and MS degrees from Michigan Technological University and MS and PhD degrees from The Uni- versity of Michigan. He has coauthored textbooks on Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Thermal Sciences, Differential Equa- tions, Engineering Analysis, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, and Schaum’s Outlines on Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Statics, and Dynamics in addition to numerous engineering exam review books. His research involved fluid flow stability and energy-related topics. In addition to receiving several teaching awards, he is a member of Michigan Tech’s Mechanical Engi- neering Academy and ASME awarded him the 2008 James Harry Potter Gold Medal. He is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University and continues to write and golf. Copyright © 2020, 2014, 2006, 1993 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-26-045653-0 MHID: 1-26-045653-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-045652-3, MHID: 1-26-045652-8. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade- marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe- ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. McGraw-Hill Education, the McGraw-Hill Education logo, Schaum’s, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trade- marks of McGraw-Hill Education and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. McGraw-Hill Education is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Preface This book is intended for the first course in thermodynamics required by most, if not all, engineering depart- ments. It is designed to supplement the required text selected for the course; it provides a succinct presentation of the material so that the student can more easily determine the major objective of each section of the textbook. If expanded detail is not of importance in this first course, the present Schaum’s Outline could itself serve as the required text. The material presented in a first course in thermodynamics is more or less the same in most engineering schools. Both the first and second laws are covered, with time left for some application areas, such as vapor and gas cycles, nonreactive mixtures, or combustion. This book allows such flexibility. In fact, there is sufficient material for a full year of study. The IRC Fluid Property Calculator has been introduced in Chapter 2. It allows steam, air, and refrigerant properties to be determined by inputting two properties, thereby avoiding the many interpolations that are often very time-consuming. As some U.S. industry continues to avoid the use of SI units, we have written about 20 percent of the exam- ples, solved problems, and supplementary problems using English units. Tables are presented in both systems of units. The basic thermodynamic principles are liberally illustrated with numerous examples and solved problems that demonstrate how the principles are applied to actual or simulated engineering situations. Supplementary problems that provide students an opportunity to test their problem-solving skills are included at the end of all chapters. Answers are provided for all these problems at the end of the chapters. We have also included FE-type questions at the end of most chapters. In addition, we have included a set of exams that are composed of multiple-choice questions, along with their solutions. The majority of students who take thermodynamics will never see the material again, except when they take a national exam (the professional engineers’ exams or the GRE/Engineering exam). International Sys- tem of Units (SI units) are used in the exams following the lead of the national exams. The national exams are multiple-choice exams with which engineering students are unfamiliar. Thermodynamics provides an excellent opportunity to give engineering students an experience in taking multiple-choice exams, exams that are typically long and difficult. Studies have shown that grades are independent of the type of exam given, so this may be the course to introduce engineering students to the multiple-choice exams in both hour exams and the final exam. You, both professors and students, are encouraged to email me at [email protected] if you have comments corrections/questions or just want to opine. Merle C. Potter E. Lansing, Michigan iii 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 3 02/09/19 1:34 PM 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 4 02/09/19 1:34 PM Contents Chapter 1 Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes 2 1.3 Macroscopic Description 3 1.4 Properties and State of a System 3 1.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Processes 4 1.6 Units 6 1.7 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight 7 1.8 Pressure 8 1.9 Temperature 10 1.10 Energy 11 Solved Problems 13 Supplementary Problems 17 Review Questions for the FE Examination 19 Answers to Supplementary Problems 21 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 22 Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 The P-v-T Surface 23 2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region 26 2.4 Property Calculations 26 2.5 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 29 2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas 31 Solved Problems 32 Supplementary Problems 36 Review Questions for the FE Examination 37 Answers to Supplementary Problems 40 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 41 Chapter 3 Work and Heat 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Definition of Work 44 3.3 Quasi-Equilibrium Work due to a Moving Boundary 45 3.4 Nonequilibrium Work 48 3.5 Other Work Modes 49 3.6 Heat 51 Solved Problems 53 Supplementary Problems 57 Review Questions for the FE Examination 60 Answers to Supplementary Problems 62 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 63 v 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 5 02/09/19 1:34 PM vi Contents Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle 66 4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process 67 4.4 Enthalpy 69 4.5 Latent Heat 70 4.6 Specific Heats 71 4.7 The First Law Applied to Various Processes 75 4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes 79 4.9 Applications of the Energy Equation to Control Volumes 83 4.10 Transient Flow 91 Solved Problems 93 Supplementary Problems 104 Review Questions for the FE Examination 115 Answers to Supplementary Problems 121 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 124 Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 126 5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 127 5.4 Reversibility 128 5.5 The Carnot Engine 129 5.6 Carnot Efficiency 131 Solved Problems 134 Supplementary Problems 137 Review Questions for the FE Examination 139 Answers to Supplementary Problems 140 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 141 Chapter 6 Entropy 143 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Definition 143 6.3 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats 145 6.4 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats 146 6.5 Entropy for Substances such as Steam, Solids, and Liquids 148 6.6 The Inequality of Clausius 150 6.7 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 151 6.8 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume 153 Solved Problems 156 Supplementary Problems 162 Review Questions for the FE Examination 167 Answers to Supplementary Problems 169 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 171 Chapter 7 Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Availability 173 7.1 Basic Concepts 173 7.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility 174 7.3 Availability and Exergy 176 7.4 Second-Law Analysis of a Cycle 178 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 6 02/09/19 1:34 PM Contents vii Solved Problems 180 Supplementary Problems 184 Answers to Supplementary Problems 185 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles 187 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Gas Compressors 188 8.3 The Air-Standard Cycle 193 8.4 The Carnot Cycle 195 8.5 The Otto Cycle 195 8.6 The Diesel Cycle 197 8.7 The Dual Cycle 199 8.8 The Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 200 8.9 The Brayton Cycle 202 8.10 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle 204 8.11 The Intercooling, Reheating, Regenerative Brayton Cycle 206 8.12 The Turbojet Engine 207 Solved Problems 208 Supplementary Problems 217 Review Questions for the FE Examination 222 Answers to Supplementary Problems 224 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 226 Chapter 9 Vapor Power Cycles 227 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 The Rankine Cycle 227 9.3 Rankine Cycle Efficiency 230 9.4 The Reheat Cycle 232 9.5 The Regenerative Cycle 233 9.6 The Supercritical Rankine Cycle 237 9.7 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency 239 9.8 The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle 241 Solved Problems 242 Supplementary Problems 249 Review Questions for the FE Examination 253 Answers to Supplementary Problems 255 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 256 Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles 257 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 257 10.3 The Multistage Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 261 10.4 The Heat Pump 263 10.5 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 264 10.6 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle 266 Solved Problems 268 Supplementary Problems 271 Review Questions for the FE Examination 274 Answers to Supplementary Problems 275 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 276 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 7 02/09/19 1:34 PM viii Contents Chapter 11 Thermodynamic Relations 277 11.1 Three Differential Relations 277 11.2 The Maxwell Relations 279 11.3 The Clapeyron Equation 280 11.4 Further Consequences of the Maxwell Relations 282 11.5 Relationships Involving Specific Heats 284 11.6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 286 11.7 Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy Changes of Real Gases 286 Solved Problems 289 Supplementary Problems 294 Answers to Supplementary Problems 296 Chapter 12 Mixtures and Psychrometrics 299 12.1 Basic Definitions 299 12.2 Ideal-Gas Law for Mixtures 300 12.3 A Mixture of Ideal Gases 301 12.4 Air-Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometry 303 12.5 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 305 12.6 The Psychrometric Chart 307 12.7 Air-Conditioning Processes 308 Solved Problems 311 Supplementary Problems 316 Review Questions for the FE Examination 320 Answers to Supplementary Problems 322 Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 324 Chapter 13 Combustion 325 13.1 Combustion Equations 325 13.2 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law 328 13.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 331 Solved Problems 333 Supplementary Problems 338 Answers to Supplementary Problems 340 Sample Exams for a Semester Course for Engineering Students 343 Exam No. 1 344 Exam No. 2 348 Exam No. 3 352 Final Exam 356 Appendix A Conversions of Units 365 Appendix B Material Properties 366 Appendix C Properties of Water (Steam Tables) 372 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 8 02/09/19 1:34 PM Contents ix Appendix D Properties of R134a 387 Appendix E Ideal-Gas Tables 397 Appendix F Psychrometric Charts 409 Appendix G Compressibility Chart 411 Appendix H Enthalpy Departure Charts 413 Appendix I Entropy Departure Charts 415 Index 417 *The laptop icon next to an exercise indicates that the exercise is also available as a video with step-by-step instructions. These videos are available on the Schaums.com website by following the instructions on the inside front cover. 00_Potter-SOTE_FM_i-x.indd 9 02/09/19 1:34 PM
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