Schaum's Outline of Electronic Devices and Circuits

318 Pages·2002·6.583 MB·English

by  Cathey, Jimmie J

Theory and Problems of
ELECTRONIC
DEVICES
AND CIRCUITS
Second Edition
JIMMIE J. CATHEY, Ph.D.
Professor of Electrical Engineering
University of Kentucky
Schaum’s Outline Series
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Copyright ©2002, 1988 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United
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DOI: 10.1036/0071398309
Thesubjectmatter ofelectronicsmaybedividedintotwobroadcategories:theapplicationofphysical
propertiesofmaterialsinthedevelopmentofelectroniccontroldevicesandtheutilizationofelectronic
control devices in circuit applications. The emphasis in this book is on the latter category, beginning
with the terminal characteristics of electronic control devices. Other topics are dealt with only as
necessary to an understanding of these terminal characteristics.
Thisbookisdesignedtosupplementthetextforafirstcourseinelectroniccircuitsforengineers. It
will also serve as a refresher for those who have previously taken a course in electronic circuits.
Engineeringstudentsenrolledinanonmajors’surveycourseonelectroniccircuitswillfindthatportions
ofChapters1to7offeravaluablesupplementtotheirstudy. Eachchaptercontainsabriefreviewof
pertinenttopicsalongwithgoverningequationsandlaws,withexamplesinsertedtoimmediatelyclarify
and emphasize principles as introduced. As in other Schaum’s Outlines, primary emphasis is on the
solution of problems; to this end, over 350 solved problems are presented.
Threeprincipalchangesareintroducedinthesecondedition. SPICEmethodsolutionsarepresented
for numerous problems to better correlate the material with current college class methods. The first-
edition Chapter 13 entitled ‘‘Vacuum Tubes’’ has been eliminated. However, the material from that
chapterrelatingtotriodevacuumtubeshasbeendispersedinto Chapters4and7. Anew Chapter10
entitled‘‘SwitchedModePowerSupplies’’hasbeenaddedtogivethereaderexposuretothisimportant
technology.
SPICE is an acronym for Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. It is commonly
usedasagenericreferencetoahostofcircuitsimulatorsthatusetheSPICE2solutionenginedeveloped
by U.S. government funding and, as a consequence, is public domain software. PSpice is the first
personal computer version of SPICE that was developed by MicroSim Corporation (purchased by
OrCAD,whichhassincemergedwithCadenceDesignSystems,Inc.). Asapromotionaltool,Micro-
Sim made available several evaluation versions of PSpice for free distribution without restriction on
usage. These evaluation versions can still be downloaded from many websites. Presently, Cadence
Design Systems, Inc. makes available an evaluation version of PSpice for download by students and
professors at www.orcad.com/Products/Simulation/PSpice/eval.asp.
The presentation of SPICE in this book is at the netlist code level that consists of a collection of
element-specification statements and control statements that can be compiled and executed by most
SPICE solution engines. However, the programs are set up for execution by PSpice and, as a result,
contain certain control statements that are particular to PSpice. One such example is the .PROBE
statement. ProbeistheproprietaryPSpiceplotmanagerwhich,wheninvoked,savesallnodevoltages
andbranchcurrentsofacircuitforplottingattheuser’sdiscretion. Netlistcodeforproblemssolvedby
SPICE methods in this book can be downloaded at the author’s website www.engr.uky.edu/(cid:1)cathey.
Errata for this book and selected evaluation versions of PSpice are also available at this website.
The book is written with the assumption that the user has some prior or companion exposure to
SPICE methods in other formal course work. If the user does not have a ready reference to SPICE
analysis methods, the three following references are suggested (pertinent version of PSpice is noted in
parentheses):
1. SPICE:AGuidetoCircuitSimulationandAnalysisUsingPSpice,PaulW.Tuinenga,Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992, ISBN 0-13-747270-6 (PSpice 4).
iii
iv
iv Preface
2. Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6/e, J. David Irwin and Chwan-Hwa Wu, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-471-36574-2 (PSpice 8).
3. Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7/e, J. David Irwin, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002,
ISBN 0-471-40740-2 (PSpice 9).
JIMMIE J. CATHEY
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CHAPTER 1 Circuit Analysis: Port Point of View 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Circuit Elements 1
1.3 SPICE Elements 2
1.4 Circuit Laws 3
1.5 Steady-State Circuits 4
1.6 Network Theorems 4
1.7 Two-Port Networks 8
1.8 Instantaneous, Average, and RMS Values 13
CHAPTER 2 Semiconductor Diodes 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 The Ideal Diode 30
2.3 Diode Terminal Characteristics 32
2.4 The Diode SPICE Model 33
2.5 Graphical Analysis 35
2.6 Equivalent-Circuit Analysis 38
2.7 Rectifier Applications 40
2.8 Waveform Filtering 42
2.9 Clipping and Clamping Operations 44
2.10 The Zener Diode 46
CHAPTER 3 Characteristics of Bipolar Junction Transistors 70
3.1 BJT Construction and Symbols 70
3.2 Common-Base Terminal Characteristics 71
3.3 Common-Emitter Terminal Characteristics 71
3.4 BJT SPICE Model 72
3.5 Current Relationships 77
3.6 Bias and DC Load Lines 78
3.7 Capacitors and AC Load Lines 82
CHAPTER 4 Characteristics of Field-Effect Transistors and Triodes 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 JFET Construction and Symbols 103
4.3 JFET Terminal Characteristics 103
v
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vi Contents
4.4 JFET SPICE Model 105
4.5 JFET Bias Line and Load Line 107
4.6 Graphical Analysis for the JFET 110
4.7 MOSFET Construction and Symbols 110
4.8 MOSFET Terminal Characteristics 110
4.9 MOSFET SPICE Model 111
4.10 MOSFET Bias and Load Lines 114
4.11 Triode Construction and Symbols 115
4.12 Triode Terminal Characteristics and Bias 115
CHAPTER 5 Transistor Bias Considerations 136
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 b Uncertainty and Temperature Effects in the BJT 136
5.3 Stability Factor Analysis 139
5.4 Nonlinear-Element Stabilization of BJT Circuits 139
5.5 Q-Point-Bounded Bias for the FET 140
5.6 Parameter Variation Analysis with SPICE 141
CHAPTER 6 Small-Signal Midfrequency BJT Amplifiers 163
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Hybrid-Parameter Models 163
6.3 Tee-Equivalent Circuit 166
6.4 Conversion of Parameters 167
6.5 Measures of Amplifier Goodness 168
6.6 CE Amplifier Analysis 168
6.7 CB Amplifier Analysis 170
6.8 CC Amplifier Analysis 171
6.9 BJT Amplifier Analysis with SPICE 172
CHAPTER 7 Small-Signal Midfrequency FET and Triode Amplifiers 200
7.1 Introduction 200
7.2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits for the FET 200
7.3 CS Amplifier Analysis 201
7.4 CD Amplifier Analysis 202
7.5 CG Amplifier Analysis 203
7.6 FET Amplifier Gain Calculation with SPICE 203
7.7 Graphical and Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Triode
Amplifiers 205
CHAPTER 8 Frequency Effects in Amplifiers 226
8.1 Introduction 226
8.2 Bode Plots and Frequency Response 227
8.3 Low-Frequency Effect of Bypass and Coupling Capacitors 229
8.4 High-Frequency Hybrid-(cid:1) BJT Model 232
8.5 High-Frequency FET Models 234
8.6 Miller Capacitance 235
8.7 Frequency Response Using SPICE 236
Contents vii
CHAPTER 9 Operational Amplifiers 258
9.1 Introduction 258
9.2 Ideal and Practical OP Amps 258
9.3 Inverting Amplifier 259
9.4 Noninverting Amplifier 260
9.5 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 260
9.6 Summer Amplifier 261
9.7 Differentiating Amplifier 262
9.8 Integrating Amplifier 262
9.9 Logarithmic Amplifier 263
9.10 Filter Applications 264
9.11 Function Generators and Signal Conditioners 264
9.12 SPICE Op Amp Model 265
CHAPTER 10 Switched Mode Power Supplies 287
10.1 Introduction 287
10.2 Analytical Techniques 287
10.3 Buck Converter 289
10.4 Boost Converter 290
10.5 Buck-Boost Converter 292
10.6 SPICE Analysis of SMPS 294
INDEX 305
Circuit Analysis: Port
Point of View
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Electronicdevicesaredescribedbytheirnonlinearterminalvoltage-currentcharacteristics. Circuits
containing electronic devices are analyzed and designed either by utilizing graphs of experimentally
measuredcharacteristicsorbylinearizingthevoltage-currentcharacteristicsofthedevices. Depending
upon applicability, the latter approach involves the formulation of either small-perturbation equations
validaboutanoperatingpointorapiecewise-linearequationset. Thelinearizedequationsetdescribes
the circuit in terms of its interconnected passive elements and independent or controlled voltage and
currentsources;formulationandsolutionrequireknowledgeofthecircuitanalysisandcircuitreduction
principles reviewed in this chapter.
1.2. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
The time-stationary (or constant-value) elements of Fig. 1-1(a) to (c) (the resistor, inductor, and
capacitor,respectively)arecalledpassiveelements,sincenoneofthemcancontinuouslysupplyenergyto
a circuit. For voltage v and current i, we have the following relationships: For the resistor,
v¼Ri or i¼Gv ð1:1Þ
whereRisitsresistanceinohms((cid:1)),andG(cid:2)1=Risitsconductanceinsiemens(S). Equation(1.1)is
known as Ohm’s law. For the inductor,
ð
di 1 t
v¼L or i¼ vd(cid:1) ð1:2Þ
dt L
(cid:3)1
where L is its inductance in henrys (H). For the capacitor,
ð
1 t dv
v¼ id(cid:1) or i¼C ð1:3Þ
C dt
(cid:3)1
where C is its capacitance in farads (F). If R, L, and C are independent of voltage and current (as
well as of time), these elements are said to be linear: Multiplication of the current through each by a
constantwillresultinthemultiplicationofitsterminalvoltagebythatsameconstant. (SeeProblems1.1
and 1.3.)
1
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2 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: PORT POINT OF VIEW [CHAP. 1
TheelementsofFig.1-1(d)to(h)arecalledactiveelementsbecauseeachiscapableofcontinuously
supplyingenergytoanetwork. TheidealvoltagesourceinFig.1-1(d)providesaterminalvoltagevthat
isindependentofthecurrentithroughit. TheidealcurrentsourceinFig.1-1(e)providesacurrentithat
isindependentofthevoltageacrossitsterminals. However,thecontrolled(ordependent)voltagesource
inFig.1-1(f)hasaterminalvoltagethatdependsuponthevoltageacrossorcurrentthroughsomeother
elementofthenetwork. Similarly,thecontrolled(ordependent)currentsourceinFig.1-1(g)providesa
currentwhosemagnitudedependsoneitherthevoltageacrossorcurrentthroughsomeotherelementof
thenetwork. Ifthedependencyrelationforthevoltageorcurrentofacontrolledsourceisofthefirst
degree, then the source is called a linear controlled (or dependent) source. The battery or dc voltage
source in Fig. 1-1(h) is a special kind of independent voltage source.
i i i i i i
+ + + + + + + +
(cid:1) R (cid:1) L (cid:1) C (cid:1) i (cid:1) (cid:1) i (cid:1) V
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ( f ) (g) (h)
Fig.1-1
1.3. SPICE ELEMENTS
The passive and active circuit elements introduced in the previous section are all available in
SPICE modeling; however, the manner of node specification and the voltage and current sense or
direction are clarified for each element by Fig. 1-2. The universal ground node is assigned the
number0. Otherwise,thenodenumbersn (positivenode)andn (negativenode)arepositiveintegers
1 2
Fig.1-2