Schaechter’s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease

846 Pages·2012·137.392 MB·English

by  N. Cary Engleberg, Terence Dermody, Victor DiRita

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Mechanisms of
Schaechter’s
Microbial Disease
FIFTH EDITION
G
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V

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9 9 s.ir
hir & n s N. Cary Engleberg
a a
Prtofessor of Internsial Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
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e Professor of Microbiology and Immunology
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p. University of Michigan Medical School
vi Ann Arbor, Michigan
Victor J. DiRita
Professor of Microbiology and Immunology
Associate Dean, Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Director, Microbial Pathogenesis Training Program
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Terence S. Dermody
Dorothy Overall Wells Professor of Pediatrics and Pathology,
Microbiology, and Immunology
Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Director, Medical Scientist Training Program
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee
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Acquisitions Editor: Susan Rhyner
Product Manager: Julie Montalbano
Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher Williams
Designer: Joan Wendt
Compositor: SPi Global
5th Edition
Copyright © 2013, 2007, 1999, 1989 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
G
Schaechter’s mechanisms of microbial disease / [edited by] N. Cary EngleRberg, Victor DiRita, Terence S. Dermody.
— 5th ed. V

p. ; cm. -
Mechanisms of microbial disease 9 9 s.ir
Includes bibliographical references and index. hir & n s
ISBN 978-0-7817-8744-4 a a
I. Schaechter, Moselio. II. Engleberg, N. Cary. III.t DiRita, Victor J. IVs. iDermody, Terence. V. Title: Mechanisms
r
of microbial disease. e
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[DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases—microbiology. 2. Bacte.ria—pathogenicity. 3. Communicable Diseases—
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physiopathology. 4. Fungi—pathogenicity. 5. Viruses—pvaithogenicity. QW 700]
616.9'041—dc23
2011052163
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confi rm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted
practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any
consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this
information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treat-
ments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
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forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.
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Preface
THE PREVIOUS editions of this book were designed chapters on individual infectious agents, the reader
by its original editor in chief, Moselio Schaechter, to will fi nd boxed sections labeled “Paradigm.” Those
present major concepts in microbiology and infec- sections present discussions of certain general princi-
tious diseases in a pathobiological framework and ples that are best illustrated by the agents described
within the context of clinical cases. This format lends in that chapter but also can be applied to other
itself to an active form of studying and is easily adapt- organisms.
able to problem-based learning. It is particularly ap-
propriate for use in revised medical curricula that NEW TO THIS EDITION
feature a synthesis of basic microbiology and clinical This new edition retains the basic conceptual frame-
infectious diseases or those that follow an “organ sys- work of past editions credited to Dr. Schaechter in
tem” approach to the basic sciences. its new title, but it has been revised to refl ect many
of the recent changes that have taken place in the
KEY FEATURES AND APPROACH fi eld as well as new features to facilitate learning.
The use of the text in these variously structured Every chapter in the book has been revised and
courses is facilitated by the presentation of the mate- updated, many by new authors. The updated text is
rial in three distinct sections. Part I presents basic as current as possible, realizing that new information
concepts of microbiology as well as immunology and in the fi eld is accumulating at such dazzling speed
pharmacology as these disciplines relate to infections. that it riGsks becoming outdated before the ink dries.
Part II describes the major infectious agents and the ManyR of the illustrations are either new or have been
V
diseases that they cause. Part III illustrates how the redrawn.

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on medical microbiology or infectious diseasehsi rfor an& interacntisve Q&A for review. These resources can
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medical students, allied health professionalts, gradu- be ascicessed at www.thePoint.com with the code pro-
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ate students, or advanced undergraduates. Because veided on the inside front cover. Although the printed
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the purpose of this book is to develop a conceptual . text contains all of the important core information,
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framework for understanding infection, it highligvhits the online resources allow for further enrichment for
certain agents and diseases of special biological or students.
clinical importance and does not attempt to describe
the microbial world in an exhaustive fashion. N. Cary Engleberg
One of the most distinctive features of the pre- Victor DiRita
vious editions has been retained: in many of the Terence S. D ermody
iii
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Acknowledgments
MANY COLLEAGUES and friends have helped us in We thank Susan Rhyner, acquisitions editor, for help-
the past in preparing this book. Their names appear ing to formulate the framework of the fi fth edition and
in the previous editions. For this revision, we received for her support through the course of the project. We
invaluable advice from Tejal Gandhi, William Peter- offer special thanks to Matthew Chansky for optimiz-
son, and David Friedman. Our heartfelt thanks go to ing the color artwork and maintaining a style that is
them for their kind and thoughtful suggestions. We both coherent and visually pleasing. We are grateful to
are particularly grateful to Keith Donnellan, who pro- Yvonne Poindexter and Marijean Rue for assistance in
vided expert editorial assistance and helped greatly preparing the text for fi nal submission. We also thank
in organizing the diverse elements in the book. His Andrea Ernst, Carrie Lapham, Carly Kish, and Warren
support, hard work, patience, and persistence were Sutherland for administrative assistance during the ed-
instrumental in bringing this book to completion. We iting of the text. Finally, our appreciation and love go
thank our product manager, Julie Montalbano, who to Margot, Michael, David, Kathleen, Victor, Amalia,
provided thoughtful direction on format and style as Suzy, Roderick, and Alexander for their support and
well as the patience and discipline to bring the various indulgence through the arduous task of making this
elements of the project together in a coherent manner. book a reality.
iv
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Contributors
David W. K. Acheson, MD Jeffrey M. Bergelson, MD Sandro K. Cinti, MD
Adjunct Faculty (Associate Professor) Professor of Pediatrics Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology and University of Pennsylvania Department of Internal Medicine
Immunology Division of Infectious Disease Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Epidemiology and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of Michigan Medical
Preventive Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania School
University of Maryland Medical School Chapter 31 (with Terence S. Ann Arbor, MI
Baltimore, Maryland Dermody): Biology of Viruses Chapter 57 (with Philip C. Hanna):
Chapter 60 (with James Fleckenstein): Karen C. Bloch, MD, MPH Biological Agents of Warfare and
Digestive System Infections Assistant Professor, Departments of Terrorism
C. Alan Anderson, MD Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Jenifer Coburn, PhD
Professor Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt Professor
Department of Neurology University Medical Center Division of Infectious Diseases
University of Colorado School of Nashville, Tennessee Center for Infectious Disease
Medicine and the Denver Veterans Chapter 44 (with Julie E. Reznicek): Research
Affairs Medical Center Antiviral Treatment Strategies Medical College of Wisconsin
Denver, Colorado Suzanne F. Bradley, MD Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Chapter 56 (with Kenneth L. Tyler): Professor Chapter 25 (with John M. Leong
Prion Diseases Department of Internal Medicine and Mollie W. Jewett): Borrelia
Elliot J. Androphy, MD Divisions of Infectious Diseases and burgdorferi and Lyme Disease
Kampen-Norins Professor and Chair Geriatric Medicine & Palliative Care Laurie E. Comstock, PhD
Department of Dermatology University of Michigan Medical School Associate Professor of Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine Program Director, Infection Control Harvard Medical School
Indianapolis, Indiana and Physician Scientist & Geriatric Associate Microbiologist, Department
Chapter 40: Human Papillomaviruses Research Education and Clinical of Medicine
and Warts Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Robert L. Atmar, MD Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare Boston, Massachusetts
System Chapter 15: Bacteroides and
Professor, Section of Infectious
Ann Arbor, Michigan Abscesses
Diseases
Department of Medicine Chapter 66: Sepsis Peggy A. Cotter, PhD
Baylor College of Medicine Chapter 74: Fever: A Clinical Sign of Associate Professor
Chief, Infectious Diseases Service Infection Department of Microbiology and
Ben Taub General Hospital William J. Britt, MD Immunology
Houston, Texas Professor School of Medicine
Chapter 37 (with Mary K. Estes): Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina–Chapel
Rotaviruses, Noroviruses, and Other University of Alabama at Hill
Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis Birmingham Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Joseph T. Barbieri, PhD Department of Pediatrics Chapter 4: Genetic Approaches to
Children’s Health Systems Studying Bacterial Pathogenesis
Professor
Birmingham, Alabama Chapter 19 (with Victor J. DiRita):
Departments of Microbiology and
Chapter 42: Beta- and Bordetella and Whooping
Molecular Genetics
Gammaherpesviruses: Cough
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr James E. Crowe Jr, MD
Chapter 9: Damage by Microbial Virus Ingram Professor of Research
Agents Niels Eske Bruun, MD, DMSc Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology,
Joel B. Baseman, PhD Associate Professor Microbiology and Immunology
Director of Endocarditis and Heart Director, Vanderbilt Vaccine
Professor and Chair
Failure Clinics Center
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Cardiology Vanderbilt University Medical
Immunology
Gentofte University Hospital Center
University of Texas Health Science
Copenhagen, Denmark Nashville, Tennessee
Center
Chapter 67 (with Rasmus V. Chapter 34 (with John V. Williams):
San Antonio, Texas
Rasmussen, Adolf W. Karchmer, Paramyxoviruses: Measles,
Chapter 29 (with Ken B. Waites):
and Vance G. Fowler Jr): Mumps, and Respiratory Syncytial
Mycoplasma: Curiosity and
Intravascular Infections Virus
Pathogen
v
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Toni Darville, MD Roman Dziarski, PhD James M. Fleckenstein, MD
Carol Ann Craumer Professor of Professor Associate Professor of Medicine and
Pediatrics Department of Microbiology and Molecular Microbiology
Chief of Infectious Diseases Immunology Infectious Disease Division
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Indiana University School of Washington University School of
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine–Northwest Medicine
Immunology Gary, Indiana St. Louis, Missouri
University of Pittsburgh School of Chapter 6: Innate Immunity Chapter 60 (with David W. K.
Medicine John R. Ebright, MD Acheson): Digestive System Infections
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Professor Vance G. Fowler, MD
Chapter 27: Chlamydiae: Genital, Department of Internal Medicine Professor
Ocular, and Respiratory Wayne State University School of Department of Medicine
Pathogens Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases
Roberta L. DeBiasi, MD Detroit, Michigan Duke University School of Medicine
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Chapter 24 (with Jack D. Sobel): Durham, North Carolina
George Washington University School Syphilis: A Disease with a History Chapter 67 (with Rasmus V. Rasmussen,
of Medicine Chapter 69 (with Jack D. Sobel): Adolf W. Karchmer, and Niels E.
Attending Physician, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Bruun): Intravascular Infections
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Barry I. Eisenstein, MD Donald E. Ganem, MD
Children’s National Medical Center/ Executive Vice President Professor
Children’s Research Institute Research and Development Department of Microbiology and
Washington, District of Columbia Cubist Pharmaceuticals Immunology
Chapter 61 (with Kenneth L. Tyler): Lexington, Massachusetts University of California, San Francisco
Infections of the Central Nervous Chapter 2 (with Moselio Schaechter San Francisco, California
System and Vincent Young): The Normal Chapter 43: Viral Hepatitis
Christoph Dehio, PhD Microbiota Joanna B. Goldberg, PhD
Professor Mary K. Estes, PhD Professor
Infection Biology Cullen Endowed Chair Department of Microbiology,
Biozentrum Departments of Medicine and Immunology, and Cancer Biology
University of Basel Molecular Virology and Microbiology University of Virginia Health System
Basel, Switzerland Baylor College of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia
Chapter 26: Cat Scratch Disease, Houston, Texas Chapter 18: Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
Bacillary Angiomatosis, and Other Chapter 37 (with Robert L. Atmar): A Ubiquitous Pathogen
Bartonelloses Rotaviruses, Noroviruses, and Other Diane E. Griffi n, MD, PhD
Mark R. Denison, MD Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis University Distinguished Service
Professor Christina Fiske, MD Professor
Departments of Pediatrics and Division of Infectious Disease Alfred and Jill Sommer Chair
Pathology, Microbiology, and Department of Medicine W. Harry Feinstone Department of
Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Molecular Biology and Immunology
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Medicine Nashville, Tennessee Public Health
Nashville, Tennessee Chapter 23 (with David W. Haas): Baltimore, Maryland
Chapter 32 (with Vincent R. Mycobacteria: Tuberculosis and Chapter 33: Arthropodborne Viruses
Racaniello): Picornaviruses and Leprosy David W. Haas, MD
Coronaviruses
Kevin Flaherty, MD Professor
Shira Doron, MD, MS
Associate Professor Departments of Medicine,
Assistant Professor Department of Internal Medicine Pharmacology, Pathology,
Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Microbiology, and Immunology
Tufts University School of Critical Care Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine University of Michigan Medical Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts School Nashville, Tennessee
Chapter 75 (with David R. Snydman): Ann Arbor, Michigan Chapter 23 (with Christina Fiske):
Health Care–Associated Chapter 62 (with Melissa Miller): Mycobacteria: Tuberculosis and
Infections Respiratory System Infections Leprosy
vi
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Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH Carol A. Kauffman, MD Ann Arbor, Michigan
Assistant Professor Professor Chapter 68 (with Mark A. Zacharek):
Department of Pediatrics Department of Internal Medicine Head and Neck Infections
Vanderbilt University School of University of Michigan Medical School Roshni Mathew, MD
Medicine Chief, Infectious Diseases Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
Nashville, Tennessee Department of Internal Medicine Stanford University
Chapter 45 (with H. Keipp B. Talbot): Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare Stanford, California
Vaccines and Antisera for the System Chapter 72 (with Charles G. Prober):
Prevention and Treatment of Ann Arbor, Michigan Congenital and Perinatal
Infectious Diseases Chapter 46: Introduction to the Fungi Infections
Philip C. Hanna, PhD and Mycoses Beth A. McCormick, PhD
Chapter 47: Systemic Mycoses Caused
Associate Professor Professor
by Primary Pathogens
Department of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology and
Chapter 48: Systemic Mycoses Caused
Immunology Physiological Systems
by Opportunistic Fungi
University of Michigan Medical The University of Massachusetts
Chapter 49: Subcutaneous,
School Medical School
Cutaneous, and Superfi cial Mycoses
Ann Arbor, Michigan Worcester, Massachusetts
Chapter 50: Review of the Medically
Chapter 57 (with Sandro K. Cinti): Chapter 17: Invasive and Tissue-
Important Fungi
Biological Agents of Warfare and Damaging Enteric Bacterial
Terrorism Gary Ketner, PhD Pathogens: Bloody Diarrhea and
Anne E. Jerse, PhD Professor Dysentery
Department of Molecular
Professor Kevin S. McIver, PhD
Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Microbiology and Associate Professor
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Immunology Department of Cell Biology &
Public Health
Uniformed Services University of the Molecular Genetics
Baltimore, Maryland
Health Sciences University of Maryland
Chapter 39: Adenoviruses
Bethesda, Maryland College Park, Maryland
Chapter 14 (with Victor J. DiRita): Michael A Lane, MD Chapter 12: Streptococci and
Neisseriae: Gonococcus and Assistant Professor Enterococci: “Strep Throat” and
Meningococcus Department of Internal Medicine Beyond
Mollie W. Jewett, PhD Division of Infectious Disease Stephen Melville, PhD
Washington University School of
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Medicine
Burnett School of Biomedical Department of Biology
St. Louis, Missouri
Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
Chapter 70 (with E. Turner
University of Central Florida College University
Overton): Infections of the
of Medicine Blacksburg, Virginia
Immunocompromised Patient
Orlando, Florida Chapter 20: Clostridia: Diarrheal
Chapter 25 (with Jenifer Coburn John Leong, MD, PhD Disease, Tissue Infection, Food
and John M. Leong): Borrelia Professor and Chair Poisoning, Botulism, and Tetanus
burgdorferi and Lyme Disease Department of Molecular Biology and
Roger W. Melvold, PhD
Adolf W. Karchmer, MD Microbiology
Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor
Tufts University Medical School
Professor Emeritus of Microbiology and
Boston, Massachusetts
Harvard Medical School Immunology
Chapter 25 (with Jenifer Coburn
Chief Department of Microbiology and
and Mollie W. Jewett): Borrelia
Division of Infectious Diseases Immunology
burgdorferi and Lyme Disease
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School of Medicine and Health
Center Preeti N. Malani, MD, MSJ Sciences
Boston, Massachusetts Clinical Associate Professor University of North Dakota
Chapter 67 (with Rasmus V. Department of Internal Medicine Grand Forks, North Dakota
Rasmussen, Niels E. Bruun, and Divisions of Geriatrics and Infectious Chapter 7 (with Carl Waltenbaugh):
Vance G. Fowler Jr): Intravascular Diseases Induced Defenses of the Body
Infection University of Michigan Medical School
vii
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Melissa Miller, MD Richard M. Peek Jr, MD Vincent R. Racaniello, PhD
Clinical Lecturer Associate Professor Higgins Professor
Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Departments of Medicine and Cancer Department of Microbiology and
Critical Care Biology Immunology
Department of Internal Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Columbia University College of
University of Michigan Medical School Nashville, Tennessee Physicians and Surgeons
Ann Arbor, Michigan Chapter 22 (with Jennifer M. Noyo): New York, New York
Chapter 62 (with Kevin Flaherty): Helicobacter pylori: Pathogenesis of Chapter 32 (with Mark R. Denison):
Respiratory System Infections a Persistent Bacterial Infection Picornaviruses and Coronaviruses
Joseph J. Nania, MD Brett W. Petersen, MD, MPH Christian B. Ramers, MD, MPH
Consultant in Pediatric Infectious Medical Offi cer, Poxvirus and Rabies Assistant Professor
Diseases Branch Departments of Global Health and
Phoenix Children’s Hospital Division of High-Consequence Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Phoenix, Arizona Pathogens and Pathology University of Washington School
Cardon Children’s Medical Center National Center for Emerging and of Public Health and School of
Mesa, Arizona Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Medicine
Chapter 65: Infections of the Bones, Centers for Disease Control and Seattle, Washington
Joints, and Muscles Prevention Chapter 59: Principles of Epidemiology
Lindsay E. Nicolle, MD, FRCPC Atlanta, Georgia Chapter 76: Foodborne Diseases
Professor Chapter 35 (with Charles E. Rasmus Vedby Rasmussen, MD, PhD
Departments of Internal Medicine and Rupprecht): Rabies Department of Cardiology
Medical Microbiology Marnie L. Peterson, PhD, PharmD Copenhagen University Hospital
University of Manitoba Associate Professor Hvidovre, Denmark
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Department of Experimental and Chapter 67 (with Adolf W.
Chapter 63: Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Pharmacology Karchmer, Niels E. Bruun, and
Jennifer M. Noto, PhD College of Pharmacy Vance G. Fowler Jr): Intravascular
University of Minnesota Infection
Department of Medicine
Vanderbilt University Minneapolis, Minnesota Julie E. Reznicek, DO
Nashville, Tennessee Chapter 11 (with Patrick M. Assistant Professor
Chapter 22 (with Richard M. Peek Jr): Schlievert): Staphylococci: Abscesses Department of Medicine
Helicobacter pylori: Pathogenesis of and Toxin-Mediated Diseases Division of Infectious Diseases
a Persistent Bacterial Infection William G. Powderly, MD Vanderbilt University Medical Center
E. Turner Overton, MD Dean, School of Medicine and Medical Nashville, Tennessee
Sciences Chapter 44 (with Karen
Assistant Professor
Professor of Medicine and C. Bloch): Antiviral Treatment
Department of Internal Medicine
Therapeutics Strategies
Division of Infectious Disease
Washington University School of University College Dublin Charles E. Rupprecht, VMD, PhD
Medicine Dublin, Ireland Chief, CDC Rabies Program
St. Louis, Missouri Chapter 71: Acquired Director, WHO Collaborating Centre
Chapter 70 (with Michael Immunodefi ciency Syndrome for Reference and Research on
A. Lane): Infections of the Charles G. Prober, MD Rabies
Immunocompromised Patient Professor Head, OIE Rabies Reference
Peter Palese, PhD Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory
Microbiology and Immunology Adjunct Professor, Emory University,
Horace W. Goldsmith Professor and
Senior Associate Dean for Medical Population Biology, Ecology, and
Chair
Education Evolution Program
Department of Microbiology
Stanford University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia
Professor, Department of Medicine
Stanford, California Chapter 35 (with Brett W. Petersen):
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Chapter 72 (with Roshni Mathew): Rabies
New York, New York
Congenital and Perinatal Infections
Chapter 36: Infl uenza and Its Viruses
viii
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