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Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Second Edition PDF

659 Pages·2012·66.479 MB·English
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Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Second Edition Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Second Edition edited by Allen J. Bard Michael V. Mirkin Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120215 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3113-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii Contributors.......................................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Introduction.and.Principles...........................................................................................1 Allen J. Bard Chapter 2 Instrumentation...........................................................................................................15 Fu-Ren F. Fan, Allen J. Bard, and Peixin He Chapter 3 Preparation.of.Tips.for.Scanning.Electrochemical.Microscopy.................................25 Fu-Ren F. Fan and Christophe Demaille Chapter 4 Scanning.Electrochemical.Microscopic.Imaging.......................................................53 Fu-Ren F. Fan Chapter 5 Theory.........................................................................................................................75 Michael V. Mirkin and Yixian Wang Chapter 6 Heterogeneous.Electron.Transfer.Reactions.............................................................127 Shigeru Amemiya Chapter 7 Visualizing.and.Quantifying.Homogeneous.Chemical.Reactions. in.Electrochemical.Processes....................................................................................157 Patrick R. Unwin Chapter 8 Charge.Transfer.Processes.at.the.Liquid–Liquid.Interface.......................................191 Michael V. Mirkin and Michael Tsionsky Chapter 9 Imaging.Molecular.Transport.across.Membranes....................................................233 Henry S. White and Frederic Kanoufi Chapter 10 Potentiometric.Probes...............................................................................................275 Guy Denuault, Geza Nagy, and Klara Toth Chapter 11 Biotechnological.Applications..................................................................................317 Benjamin R. Horrocks and Gunther Wittstock v vi Contents Chapter 12 Scanning.Electrochemical.Microscopy.of.Living.Cells...........................................379 Janine Mauzeroll and Steen B. Schougaard Chapter 13 Localized.Flux.Measurements.and.Kinetic.Imaging.at.Interfaces...........................417 Patrick R. Unwin and Julie V. Macpherson Chapter 14 Applications.of.Scanning.Electrochemical.Microscopy.in.Corrosion.Research......451 Dennis E. Tallman and Mark B. Jensen Chapter 15 Micro-.and.Nanopatterning.Using.Scanning.Electrochemical.Microscopy.............489 Daniel Mandler Chapter 16 Application.to.Electrocatalysis.and.Photocatalysis.and.Surface.Interrogation........525 Joaquín Rodríguez López, Cynthia G. Zoski, and Allen J. Bard Chapter 17 Hybrid.Scanning.Electrochemical.Techniques:.Methods.and.Applications.............569 Julie V. Macpherson and Christophe Demaille Chapter 18 Additional.Recent.Applications.and.Prospects.........................................................635 Allen J. Bard, Fernando Cortés Salazar, and Hubert H. Girault Preface During.the.10.years.that.have.passed.since.the.publication.of.the.first.edition.of.this.book,.scanning. electrochemical.microscopy.(SECM).has.evolved.substantially..The.number.of.publications.in.this. field.has.greatly.increased,.and.their.focus.has.changed.from.proof-of-concept.experiments.to.real- world.applications..SECM.has.been.employed.as.an.electrochemical.tool.to.study.heterogeneous. and.homogeneous.reactions,.for.high-resolution.imaging.of.various.substrates,.including.biological. cells,.and.for.microfabrication..This.technique.is.now.used.by.a.number.of.research.groups.in.many. different.countries..We.think.the.time.has.come.for.a.new.edition.of.this.book.that.will.provide. up-to-date.comprehensive.reviews.of.different.aspects.of.SECM. All.chapters.in.this.edition.are.either.new.or.thoroughly.updated..Chapters.1.through.5.contain. experimental.and.theoretical.background,.which.is.essential.for.everyone.working.in.this.field.. Chapter.1.covers.the.principles.of.SECM.measurements,.Chapter.2.deals.with.instrumentation,. Chapter.3.describes.the.preparation.of.SECM.probes,.Chapter.4.covers.imaging.methodologies,. and.Chapter.5.deals.with.theory..Other.chapters.are.dedicated.to.specific.applications.and.are. self-contained..Although.some.knowledge.of.electrochemistry.and.physical.chemistry.is.assumed,. the.key.ideas.discussed.are.at.a.level.suitable.for.beginning.graduate.students. SECM.has.proved.useful.for.a.broad.range.of.interdisciplinary.research..Various.applications. discussed.in.this.book.range.from.studies.of.biological.systems.to.sensors.to.probing.reactions. at.the.liquid–liquid.interface..Although.we.did.not.intend.to.present.even.a.brief.survey.of.these. diverse.areas.of.research,.each.chapter.provides.sufficient.details.to.allow.a.specialist.to.evaluate. the.applicability.of.SECM.for.solving.a.specific.problem..We.hope.it.will.be.useful.to.all.interested. in.learning.about.this.technique.and.applying.it. Four.new.chapters.in.this.book.describe.recent.advances.of.SECM.in.several.areas.of.current. interest,.i.e.,.studies.of.single.biological.cells.(Chapter.12),.corrosion.(Chapter.14),.electrocatalysis. (Chapter.16),.and.hybrid.techniques.(Chapter.17)..Another.major.development.covered.throughout. the.book.is.the.ongoing.shift.from.micrometer-scale.experiments.to.the.nanoscale..Recent.meth- odological.advances.have.greatly.increased.the.capacity.of.SECM.to.characterize.interfaces.at.the. nanoscale.and.to.obtain.molecular-level.chemical.information..To.keep.this.new.edition.to.a.man- ageable.size,.it.was.felt.necessary.to.omit.some.material.from.the.first.edition.(e.g.,.in.Chapter.2).. Interested.readers.should.still.be.able.to.access.this.material.from.the.first.edition.of.this.book. In.closing,.we.thank.our.students,.coworkers,.and.colleagues.who.have.done.so.much.to.develop. SECM..The.future.for.this.technique,.which.is.unique.among.scanning.probe.methods.in.its.quan- titative.rigor.and.in.its.ability.to.study.with.ease.samples.in.liquid.environments,.continues.to.be.a. bright.one. Allen J. Bard Michael V. Mirkin vii

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