Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era, 1760-1815 PDF
Preview Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era, 1760-1815
THE NORDIC SERIES Volume 12 Volume 1 British Diplomacy and Swedish Politics, 1758-1773 by Michael Roberts Volume 2 Henrik Ibsen, Peer Gynt, translated by Rolf Fjelde. A thoroughly revised version of Fjelde's translation, with new appendixes. Volume 3 The Finnish Revolution, 1917-1918 by Anthony F. Upton Volume 4 To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Drama by Brian Johnston Volume 5 A History of Scandinavian Literature by Sven H. Rossel Volume 6 Viking Art by David M. Wilson and Ole Klindt-Jensen Volume 7 Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy and the International Crises, 1808-1914 by Juhani Paasivirta Volume 8 Socialism and Abundance: Radical Socialism in the Danish Welfare State by John Logue Volume 9 Scandinavia during the Second World War edited by Henrik S. Nissen Volume 10 Scandinavian Language Structures: A Comparative Historical Survey by Einar Haugen Volume 11 The Welfare State and Beyond: Success and Problems in Scandinavia by Gunnar Heckscher ADVISORY BOARD Ole Berg Robert Kvavik University of Oslo University of Minnesota Thomas Bredsdorff Stewart Oakley University of Copenhagen University of East Anglia Sten Carlsson Juha Yrjänä Pentikäinen University of Uppsala University of Helsinki Rolf Fjelde George Schoolfield Pratt Institute and Juilliard School Yale University M. Donald Hancock Birgitta Steene Vanderbilt University University of Washington Nils Hasselmo Richard R. Tommason University of Arizona University of New Mexico Steven Koblik Pomona College This page intentionally left blank Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era, 1760-1815 H. Arnold Barton University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges publication assistance from the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Stockholm, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, a federal agency which supports study in such fields as history, philosophy, literature, and languages. Copyright © 1986 by the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 2037 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis MN 55414 Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Barton, H. Arnold (Hildor Arnold), 1929- Scandinavia in the Revolutionary era, 1760-1815. (The Nordic series; v. 12) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Scandinavia - History –18th century. 2. Scandinavia –History-19th century. I. Title. II. Series. DL78.B37 1986 948'.05 84-26972 ISBN 0-8166-1392-3 ISBN 0-8166-1393-1 (pbk.) The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. To the memory of my parents, Sven Hildor Barton Marguerite Arnhold Barton This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ix 1. The Setting: Scandinavia around 1760 3 2. The Winds of Change, 1760-70 47 3. The First Assault on Privilege, 1770-72 67 4. The Rallying of the Old Order, 1772-76 87 5. The Clash of Arms and Ideas, 1776-83 107 6. Changing Bearings, 1783-86 126 7. Enlightened Despotism and Revolt, 1786-89 142 8. A New Dawn for Humanity, 1789-92 775 9. Reform and Radicalism, 1792-97 200 10. Commerce and Counterrevolution, 1797-1802 231 11. At the Crossroads, 1802-7 255 12. Into the Maelstrom, 1807-10 275 13. The Resolution, 1810-15 311 14. Conclusions: Scandinavia by 1815 359 Notes 387 Selected Bibliography 427 Index 431
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