Scaling Biodiversity PDF
Preview Scaling Biodiversity
ScalingBiodiversity Weknowthattherearemillionstotensofmillionsofplantandanimalspecies,but wedonotknowenoughtobeabletodescribethepatternsandprocessesthat characterizethedistributionofspeciesinspace,time,andtaxonomicgroups.Given thatinpracticaltermsitisimpossibletounderstandtheintricaciesoftherelation- shipsbetweenalltheorganismsandthedynamicsofpopulationsandcommunities inallspatialandtemporalscales,otherapproachesmustbeused.Scalingrulesoffer onepossibleframework,andthisbookoffersasynthesisofthewaysinwhich scalingtheorycanbeappliedtotheanalysisofbiodiversity.ScalingBiodiversity presentsnewviewsonquantitativepatternsofthebiologicaldiversityonEarthand theprocessesresponsibleforthem.Writtenbyateamofleadingexpertsinecology whopresenttheirmostrecentandinnovativeviews,thisbookwillprovidereaders withthestateoftheartincurrentecologyandbiodiversityscience. DAVID STORCH isaresearcheranduniversityteacheratCharlesUniversity inPragueandformerinternationalFellowoftheSantaFeInstitute.Heteaches coursesonanimalecology,macroecologyandcommunityecology. PABLO A. MARQUET isaProfessoratthePontificiaUniversidadCato´licadeChile, andaresearcherattheCenterforAdvancedStudiesinEcologyandBiodiversityand InstitutodeEcologı´ayBiodiversidad,andformerinternationalFellowoftheSantaFe Institute. JAMES H. BROWN isaDistinguishedProfessorintheDepartmentofBiologyat theUniversityofNewMexico. EcologicalReviews SERIES EDITOR NigelWebbNERCCentreforEcology&Hydrology,Dorset,UK SERIES EDITORIAL BOARD HefinJonesCardiffUniversity,UK JamesH.BrownUniversityofNewMexico,USA RichardHobbsMurdochUniversity,Australia LouiseVetTheNetherlandsInstituteofEcology EcologicalReviewswillpublishbooksatthecuttingedgeofmodernecology, providingaforumforvolumesthatdiscusstopicsthatarefocalpointsof currentactivityandlikelylong-termimportancetotheprogressofthe field.Theserieswillbeaninvaluablesourceofideasandinspirationfor ecologistsatalllevelsfromgraduatestudentstomore-established researchersandprofessionals.Theserieswillbedevelopedjointlybythe BritishEcologicalSocietyandCambridgeUniversityPressandwill encompasstheSociety’sSymposiaasappropriate. BioticInteractionsintheTropics:TheirRoleintheMaintenanceofSpeciesDiversity EditedbyDavidF.R.P.Burslem,MichelleA.PinardandSueE.Hartley BiologicalDiversityandFunctioninSoils EditedbyRichardBardgett,MichaelUsherandDavidHopkins IslandColonizationbyIanThornton EditedbyTimNew Scaling Biodiversity Edited by DAVID STORCH CharlesUniversity,Prague,andtheSantaFeInstitute PABLO A. MARQUET PontificiaUniversidadCato´licadeChile,Santiago,andCenterforAdvanced StudiesinEcologyandBiodiversityandInstitutodeEcolog´ıayBiodiversidad, theSantaFeInstitute JAMES H. BROWN UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquerque,andtheSantaFeInstitute CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521876025 #CambridgeUniversityPress2007 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-521-87602-5hardback ISBN978-0-521-69937-2paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofcontributors pagevii ForewordbyRobertM.May(LordMayofOxford) xi Preface xv 1 Introduction:scalingbiodiversity–whatistheproblem? DavidStorch,PabloA.MarquetandJamesH.Brown 1 PART I Spatialscalingofspeciesrichnessanddistribution 13 2 Species–areacurvesandthegeometryofnature MichaelW.Palmer 15 3 Thedistributionofspecies:occupancy,scale,andrarity FangliangHeandRickCondit 32 4 Speciesdistributionpatterns,diversityscalingandtestingfor fractalsinsouthernAfricanbirds JackJ.Lennon,WilliamE.Kunin,StephenHartley andKevinJ.Gaston 51 5 Geometryofspeciesdistributions:randomclusteringandscale invariance ArnosˇtL.SˇizlingandDavidStorch 77 6 Towardamechanisticbasisforaunifiedtheoryofspatial structureinecologicalcommunitiesatmultiplespatialscales JohnHarte 101 PART II Alternativemeasuresofbiodiversity:taxonomy, phylogeny,andturnover 127 7 Biodiversityscalingrelationships:aremicroorganisms fundamentallydifferent? JessicaGreenandBrendanJ.M.Bohannan 129 8 Theimportanceofphylogeneticstructureinbiodiversity studies Je´roˆmeChave,GuillemChustandChristopheThe´baud 150 vi CONTENTS 9 Onthequantificationoflocalvariationinbiodiversityscaling usingwavelets TimothyH.Keitt 168 10 Thescalingofspatialturnover:pruningthethicket KevinJ.Gaston,KarlL.EvansandJackJ.Lennon 181 PART III Scalingofbiologicaldiversitywithenergyand thelatitudinalbiodiversitygradient 223 11 Climateanddiversity:theroleofhistory AndrewClarke 225 12 Inverselatitudinalgradientsinspeciesdiversity PavelKindlmann,IvaScho¨delbauerova´ andAnthonyF.G.Dixon 246 13 Regional-to-globalpatternsofbiodiversity,andwhattheyhave tosayaboutmechanisms DavidJ.Currie 258 14 Recastingthespecies–energyhypothesis:thedifferentroles ofkineticandpotentialenergyinregulatingbiodiversity AndrewP.Allen,JamesF.GilloolyandJamesH.Brown 283 15 Scalingspeciesrichnessanddistribution:unitingthe species–areaandspecies–energyrelationships DavidStorch,ArnosˇtL.SˇizlingandKevinJ.Gaston 300 PART IV Processes,perspectives,andsyntheses 323 16 Spatiotemporalscalingofspeciesrichness:patterns, processes,andimplications EthanP.White 325 17 Scalingbiodiversityunderneutrality Luı´sBorda-de-A´gua,StephenP.HubbellandFangliangHe 347 18 Generalpatternsinplantinvasions:afamilyofquasi-neutral models Toma´sˇHerben 376 19 Extinctionandpopulationscaling WilliamE.Kunin 396 20 Survivalofspeciesinpatchylandscapes:percolation inspaceandtime Bea´taOborny,Gyo¨rgySzabo´ andGe´zaMesze´na 409 21 Biodiversitypowerlaws PabloA.Marquet,SebastianR.AbadesandFabioA.Labra 441 Index 462 Thecolorplatesaresituatedbetweenpp.366and367 Contributors SEBASTIAN R. ABADES PaulSabatier,118routedeNarbonne, CenterforAdvancedStudiesinEcology 31062Toulouse,France andBiodiversity(CASEB)and DepartamentodeEcologı´a,Pontificia GUILLEM CHUST UniversidadCato´licadeChile,Casilla LaboratoireEvolutionetDiversite´ 114-D,Santiago,Chile Biologique,UMR5174CNRS–Universite´ PaulSabatier,118routedeNarbonne, ANDREW P. ALLEN 31062Toulouse,France NationalCenterforEcologicalAnalysis andSynthesis,735StateSt.,Suite300, ANDREW CLARKE SantaBarbara,CA93101,USA BiologicalSciences,BritishAntarctic Survey,NERC,HighCross,MadingleyRoad, BRENDAN J.M. BOHANNAN CambridgeCB30ET,UK CenterforEcologyandEvolutionary Biology,UniversityofOregon,Eugene, RICK CONDIT Oregon,OR97403–5289,USA CenterforTropicalForestScience, SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstitute, LUI´S BORDA-DE-A´GUA Unit0948,APOAA,34002–0948,USA DepartmentofPlantBiology,University ofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602,USA DAVID J. CURRIE Ottawa-CarletonInstituteforBiology, JAMES H. BROWN UniversityofOttawa,Box450,StationA, DepartmentofBiology,Universityof Ottawa,Ontario,CanadaK1N6N5 NewMexico,Albuquerque,NM87131, USA,andTheSantaFeInstitute, ANTHONY F.G. DIXON 1399HydeParkRoad,SantaFe, SchoolofBiologicalSciences,University NM87501,USA ofEastAnglia,NorwichNR47TJ,UK JE´ROˆ ME CHAVE KARL L. EVANS LaboratoireEvolutionetDiversite´ BiodiversityandMacroecologyGroup, Biologique,UMR5174CNRS–Universite´ DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences, viii CONTRIBUTORS UniversityofSheffield,SheffieldS10 Praha2,CzechRepublic,andInstituteof 2TN,UK Botany,AcademyofSciencesoftheCzech Republic,CZ-25243Pru˚honice,Czech KEVIN J. GASTON Republic BiodiversityandMacroecologyGroup, DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences, STEPHEN P. HUBBELL UniversityofSheffield,SheffieldS10 DepartmentofPlantBiology,Universityof 2TN,UK Georgia,Athens,GA30602,USA,and SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstitute, MURRAY GELL-MANN Unit0948,APOAA34002–0948,USA TheSantaFeInstitute,1399HydePark Road,SantaFe,NM87501,USA TIMOTHY H. KEITT SectionofIntegrativeBiology,Universityof JAMIE F. GILLOOLY TexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA DepartmentofZoology,Universityof Florida,Gainesville,FL32611,USA PAVEL KINDLMANN InstituteofSystemsBiologyandEcology, JESSICA GREEN AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic, SchoolofNaturalSciences,Universityof andFacultyofBiologicalSciences, California,P.O.Box2039,Merced,CA UniversityofSouthBohemia,Branigovska 95344,USA 31,37005,CzechRepublic,andAgrocampus Rennes,UMRINRA/ENSA-RBi03P,65rue JOHN HARTE deSaint-Brieuc,35042RennesCedex, EnergyandResourcesGroupand France EcosystemSciencesDivision,Collegeof NaturalResources,UniversityofCalifornia, WILLIAM E. KUNIN Berkeley,CA94720,USA EarthandBiosphereInstitute,Schoolof Biology,UniversityofLeeds, STEPHEN HARTLEY LeedsLS29JT,UK SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Victoria UniversityofWellington,P.O.B.600, FABIO A. LABRA Wellington,NewZealand CenterforAdvancedStudiesinEcologyand Biodiversity(CASEB)andInstitutode FANGLIANG HE Ecologı´ayBiodiversidad(IEB)andDeparta- DepartmentofRenewableResources, mentodeEcologı´a,PontificiaUniversidad UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta, Cato´licadeChile,Casilla114-D, CanadaT6G2E1 Santiago,Chile TOMA´Sˇ HERBEN JACK J. LENNON DepartmentofBotany,FacultyofScience, TheMacaulayInstitute,Craigiebuckler, CharlesUniversity,Bena´tska´ 2,CZ-12801 AberdeeenAB158QH,UK
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