Saturn in the 21st Century

496 Pages·2019·52.463 MB·English

by  Kevin H. Baines, F. Michael Flasar, Norbert Krupp, Tom Stallard

SATURN IN THE 21ST CENTURY
TheCassiniOrbitermission,launchedin1997,hastransformedourunderstandingoftheoriginsandworkingsof
Saturn. Drawing from new discoveries and scientific insights from the mission, this book provides a detailed
overviewoftheplanetasrevealedbyCassini.Chaptersbyeminentplanetaryscientistsandresearchersfromacross
the world comprehensively review the current state of knowledge regarding Saturn’s formation, interior, atmo-
sphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and magnetosphere. Specialized chapters discuss the planet’s seasonal varia-
bility; the circulation of strong zonal winds; the constantly changing polar aurorae; and the Great Storm of
2010–2011, the most powerful convective storm ever witnessed by humankind. Documenting the latest research
on the planet, from its formation to how it operates today, this is an essential reference for graduate students,
researchers,andplanetaryscientists.
KEVIN H. BAINES is Senior Scientist at the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of
Wisconsin–Madison, and Principal Scientist at Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. He has over 35
years of experience in the development, planning, data analysis, and publication of science results from NASA
and ESA planetary orbital missions. Specializing in the 3D nature of planetary atmospheres as gleaned from
spacecraft-borne visual-to-near-infrared spectral imagers, he has been a NASA-selected scientist on the
Cassini–Huygens and Galileo orbiter missions to Jupiter and Saturn and was the leader of the NASA science
teamonESA’sVenusExpressorbitermission.
F. MICHAEL FLASAR isSpaceScientistatthePlanetarySystemsLaboratoryattheNASAGoddardSpaceFlight
Center. He has devoted 45 years to the study of solar system planets and their atmospheres, particularly from
thermal-infrared spectroscopy and radio-occultation data. Hehas been aninvestigator onthe Voyagermission to
the giant planets, the Galileo mission to Jupiter, the Mars Global Surveyor mission, and the Cassini–Huygens
missiontoSaturn.HeisarecipientofNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter’sJohnC.LindsayMemorialAwardfor
SpaceScienceandheisafellowoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion.
NORBERT KRUPP isScientistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforSolarSystemResearch,Göttingen,Germany.Hehas
25 years of experience in data analysis and the development of space instrumentation. His main interest is the
understandingofprocessesdrivingtheglobalconfigurationanddynamicsofparticlesaroundplanets,includingthe
interactionwithmoons,rings,andneutralclouds.Hehasbeeninvolvedinseveralspacemissions,includingMars
Express, Venus Express, Ulysses, Bepi Colombo, Juice, Galileo, Cassini–Huygens, and Europa Clipper.
On Cassini, he co-led the magnetosphere and plasma science working group MAPS, and is Co-Investigator of
theMIMIinstrument.
TOM STALLARD is Associate Professor in Planetary Astronomy at the University of Leicester. He is a world-
leading planetary astronomer who has observed the gas giants of our solar system from many of the largest
telescopesaroundtheworld.Focusingontheinvestigationofauroraeoftheseplanets,hehasalsobeenextensively
involvedinanalyzingspacecraftdata,includingimagesofSaturn’sauroratakenbytheCassinispacecraft.Hehas
alsoappearedonnumeroustelevisionandradioprogramstodiscussrecentscienceadvances.Hispublicoutreach
hasincludedinvolvementinBBCStargazingliveeventsandhewasawardedthehonorarytitleof“HokuKolea”
forhisextensiveworkwiththeMaunaKeavisitors’center.

Cambridge Planetary Science
SeriesEditors:
FranBagenal,DavidJewitt,CarlMurray,JimBell,RalphLorenz,FrancisNimmo,SaraRussell
BooksintheSeries
†
1. Jupiter:ThePlanet,SatellitesandMagnetosphere
EditedbyBagenal,DowlingandMcKinnon
978-0-521-03545-3
†
2. Meteorites:APetrologic,ChemicalandIsotopicSynthesis
Hutchison
978-0-521-03539-2
†
3. TheOriginofChondrulesandChondrites
Sears
978-1-107-40285-0
†
4. PlanetaryRings
Esposito
978-1-107-40247-8
†
5. TheGeologyofMars:EvidencefromEarth-BasedAnalogs
EditedbyChapman
978-0-521-20659-4
†
6. TheSurfaceofMars
Carr
978-0-521-87201-0
†
7. VolcanismonIo:AComparisonwithEarth
Davies
978-0-521-85003-2
†
8. Mars:AnIntroductiontoitsInterior,SurfaceandAtmosphere
Barlow
978-0-521-85226-5
9. TheMartianSurface:Composition,MineralogyandPhysicalProperties
EditedbyBell
978-0-521-86698-9
†
10. PlanetaryCrusts:TheirComposition,OriginandEvolution
TaylorandMcLennan
978-0-521-14201-4
†
11. PlanetaryTectonics
EditedbyWattersandSchultz
978-0-521-74992-3
†
12. ProtoplanetaryDust:AstrophysicalandCosmochemicalPerspectives
EditedbyApaiandLauretta
978-0-521-51772-0
13. PlanetarySurfaceProcesses
Melosh
978-0-521-51418-7
14. Titan:Interior,Surface,AtmosphereandSpaceEnvironment
EditedbyMüller-Wodarg,Griffith,LellouchandCravens
978-0-521-19992-6
15. PlanetaryRings:APost-EquinoxView(SecondEdition)
Esposito
978-1-107-02882-1
16. Planetesimals:EarlyDifferentiationandConsequencesforPlanets
EditedbyElkins-TantonandWeiss
978-1-107-11848-5
17. Asteroids:AstronomicalandGeologicalBodies
Burbine
978-1-107-09684-4
18. TheAtmosphereandClimateofMars
EditedbyHaberle,Clancy,Forget,SmithandZurek
978-1-107-01618-7
19. PlanetaryRingSystems:Properties,StructureandEvolution
EditedbyTiscarenoandMurray
978-1-107-11382-4
20. Saturninthe21stCentury
EditedbyBaines,Flasar,KruppandStallard
978-1-107-10677-2
†
Reissuedasapaperback
SATURN IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Editedby
KEVIN H. BAINES
UniversityofWisconsin–Madison
F. MICHAEL FLASAR
NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter
NORBERT KRUPP
MaxPlanckInstituteforSolarSystemResearch
TOM STALLARD
UniversityofLeicester
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107106772
DOI:10.1017/9781316227220
©CambridgeUniversityPress2019
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Firstpublished2019
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AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Baines,KevinHays,editor.|Flasar,F.Michael,editor.|Krupp,Norbert,editor.|Stallard,Tom,editor.
Title:Saturninthe21stcentury/editedbyKevinH.Baines(UniversityofWisconsin,Madison),
F.MichaelFlasar(NASA-GoddardSpaceFlightCenter),NorbertKrupp
(MaxPlanckInstitutefortheStudyofSocieties,Cologne),TomStallard(UniversityofLeicester).
Description:Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2019.|
Series:Cambridgeplanetaryscienceseries;20|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2017054700|ISBN9781107106772
Subjects:LCSH:Saturn(Planet)|Saturn(Planet)–Geology.
Classification:LCCQB671.S24452018|DDC523.46–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017054700
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Contents
ListofContributors pagesix 6 GlobalConfigurationandSeasonal
ListofReviewers xiii VariationsofSaturn’sMagnetosphere 126
, ,
NORBERT KRUPP PETER KOLLMANN
1 IntroductiontoSaturninthe21stCentury 1 . ,
DONALD G MITCHELL MICHELLE
KEVIN H. BAINES, F. MICHAEL THOMSEN, XIANZHE JIA, ADAM MASTERS
,
FLASAR NORBERT KRUPP AND TOM AND PHILIPPE ZARKA
STALLARD 7 Saturn’sAurorae 166
2 TheOriginandEvolutionofSaturn, , . ,
TOM STALLARD SARAH V BADMAN
withExoplanetPerspective 5 ,
ULYANA DYUDINA DENIS GRODENT
SUSHIL K. ATREYA, AURE´LIEN CRIDA, AND LAURENT LAMY
, .
TRISTAN GUILLOT JONATHAN I 8 Saturn’sIonosphere 196
,
LUNINE NIKKU MADHUSUDHAN , ,
LUKE MOORE MARINA GALAND
AND OLIVIER MOUSIS . , .
ARVYDAS J KLIORE ANDREW F NAGY
3 TheInteriorofSaturn 44 ’
AND JAMES O DONOGHUE
. , ,
JONATHAN J FORTNEY RAVIT HELLED 9 Saturn’sVariableThermosphere 224
, .
NADINE NETTELMANN DAVID J . , .
DARRELL F STROBEL TOMMI T
, . ,
STEVENSON MARK S MARLEY WILLIAM KOSKINEN AND INGO MU¨LLER-WODARG
.
B HUBBARD AND LUCIANO IESS
10 Saturn’sSeasonallyChangingAtmosphere:
4 Saturn’sMagneticFieldandDynamo 69
ThermalStructure,Composition
. ,
ULRICH R CHRISTENSEN HAO
andAerosols 251
, .
CAO MICHELE K DOUGHERTY AND KRISHAN . ,
LEIGH N FLETCHER THOMAS
KHURANA . , ,
K GREATHOUSE SANDRINE GUERLET
5 TheMysteriousPeriodicitiesofSaturn . .
JULIANNE I MOSES AND ROBERT A WEST
CluestotheRotationRateofthePlanet 97
11 TheGlobalAtmosphericCirculation
. , .
JAMES F CARBARY MATTHEW M
ofSaturn 295
, . , ,
HEDMAN THOMAS W HILL XIANZHE JIA . , .
ADAM P SHOWMAN ANDREW P
,
WILLIAM KURTH LAURENT LAMY AND ,
INGERSOLL RICHARD ACHTERBERG
GABRIELLE PROVAN
AND YOHAI KASPI
vii
viii Contents
12 Saturn’sPolarAtmosphere 337 14 TheFutureExplorationofSaturn 417
KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, KEVIN H. BAINES, KEVIN H. BAINES, SUSHIL K. ATREYA,
ULYANA DYUDINA, LEIGH N. FRANK CRARY, SCOTT G. EDGINGTON,
FLETCHER, AGUST´IN SA´NCHEZ-LAVEGA THOMAS K. GREATHOUSE, HENRIK MELIN,
AND ROBERT A. WEST OLIVIER MOUSIS, GLENN S. ORTON,
13 TheGreatSaturnStormof2010–2011 377 THOMAS R. SPILKER AND
AGUST´IN SA´NCHEZ-LAVEGA, GEORG ANTHONY WESLEY
, . ,
FISCHER LEIGH N FLETCHER ENRIQUE
GARCI´A-MELENDO, BRIGETTE HESMAN, Index 442
SANTIAGO PE´REZ-HOYOS, KUNIO M. Colorplatescanbefoundbetweenpages210
SAYANAGI AND LAWRENCE A. SROMOVSKY and211