Satellite technology: principles and applications

586 Pages·2007·27.62 MB·English

by  Anil K. Maini

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Satellite Technology
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Satellite Technology
Principles and ....f ii1f1wLt
Anil K. Maini
Varsha Agrawal
Both of
Laser Science and Technology Centre
India
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ISBN-IO 0-470-03335-5 (HB)
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In loving memory of my father-in-law
Shri Ramji Bazaz
- AniI K. Maini
In loving memory of my mother. Mrs Kussum Agrawal
who has always been with me -. in Spirit and in my Heart
- Varsha Agrawal

Contents
Preface xv
Part I Satellite Technology 1
1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications 3
1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum 3
1.2 What is a Satellite? 4
1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites 7
1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets 7
1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites 8
1.3.3 Satellites for Communications. Meteorology and Scientific Exploration-
Early Developments 10
1.3.4 Nongeosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes 11
1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites 12
1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems 15
1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems 17
1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also make Rapid Progress . 19
1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles 23
Further Reading 28
Glossary 29
2 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories 31
2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory 31
2.2 Orbiting Satellites - Basic Principles 31
2.2.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 33
2.2.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion 34
2.2.3 Kepler's Laws 35
2.3 Orbital Parameters 39
2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories 54
2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits 60
2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane 61
2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit 62
2.5.3 Distance from Earth 64
2.5.4 SUll-synchronous Orbit 66
Further Reading 69
Glossary 69
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3 Satellite Launch and In-Orbit Operations 73 ,,;
3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit 73
3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit 74
3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters 78 i;:t~
3.2 Launch Sequence 89 I,
3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence 89 ~
3.3 Satellite Stabilization 93 ~
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3.3.1 Spin Stabilization 94 il
3.3.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization 95 [.
3.3.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites %
3.3.4 Station Keeping 97
3.4 Eclipses 97
3.5 Earth Station's Azimuth and Elevation Angles 100
3.5.1 Computing the Slant Range 102
3.5.2 Computing the line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites 103
3.6 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks 110
3.6.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area 110
3.6.2 Satellite Ground Tracks 111
Further Reading 116
Glossary 116
4 Satellite Hardware 119
4.1 Satellite Subsystems 119
4.2 Mechanical Structure 120
4.2.1 Design Considerations 121
4.2.2 Typical Structure 122
4.3 Propulsion Subsystem 122
4.3.1 Basic Principle 123
4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System 123
4.4 Thennal Control Subsystem 130
4.4.1 Sources of Therriwl1nequilibrium 131
4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 131
4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control 132
4.5 Power Supply Subsystem 134
4.5.1 Types of Power System 134
4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems 135
4.5.3 Batteries 140
4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control 144
4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem 145
4.8 Payload 147
4.9 Antenna Subsystem 149
4.9.1 Antenna Parameters 152
4.9.2 Types of Antenna 155
Further Reading 167
Glossary 168
5 Communication Techniques 171
5.1 Types of Infonnation Signals 171
5.1.1 Voice Signals 172
5.1.2 Data Signals 172
5.1.3 Video Signals 172
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