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Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications PDF

848 Pages·2014·40.63 MB·English
by  Maini
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SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS ThirdEdition AnilK.Maini VarshaAgrawal BothofLaserScienceandTechnologyCentre, DefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization, MinistryofDefence,India Thiseditionfirstpublished2014 ©2014JohnWiley&SonsLtd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO19 8SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparing thisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsof thisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthe publishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpert assistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Maini,AnilKumar. Satellitetechnology:principlesandapplications/AnilK.Maini, VarshaAgrawal.--Thirdedition. 1onlineresource. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIPdataprovidedby publisher;resourcenotviewed. ISBN978-1-118-63637-4(ePub)--ISBN978-1-118-63641-1(AdobePDF)-- ISBN978-1-118-63647-3(cloth)1. Artificialsatellites. 2. Scientific satellites. I.Agrawal,Varsha. II.Title. TL796 629.46--dc23 2014001139 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:9781118636473 Setin10/12TimesLTStdbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India 1 2014 Inlovingmemoryofmyfather-in-law ShriRamjiBazaz AnilK.Maini Inlovingmemoryofmymother,MrsKussumAgrawal WhohasalwaysbeenwithmeinSpiritandinmyHeart VarshaAgrawal Contents Preface xxi PARTI SATELLITETECHNOLOGY 1 IntroductiontoSatellitesandtheirApplications 3 1.1 Ever-expandingApplicationSpectrum 3 1.2 WhatisaSatellite? 4 1.3 HistoryoftheEvolutionofSatellites 7 1.3.1 EraofHotAirBalloonsandSoundingRockets 7 1.3.2 LaunchofEarlyArtificialSatellites 8 1.3.3 SatellitesforCommunications,MeteorologyandScientific Exploration--EarlyDevelopments 10 1.3.4 Non-geosynchronousCommunicationSatellites: TelstarandRelayProgrammes 11 1.3.5 EmergenceofGeosynchronousCommunicationSatellites 12 1.3.6 InternationalCommunicationSatelliteSystems 15 1.3.7 DomesticCommunicationSatelliteSystems 16 1.3.8 SatellitesforotherApplicationsalsomadeRapidProgress 19 1.3.9 SmallorMiniatureSatellites 22 1.4 EvolutionofLaunchVehicles 27 1.5 FutureTrends 33 1.5.1 CommunicationSatellites 33 1.5.2 WeatherForecastingSatellites 33 1.5.3 EarthObservationSatellites 33 1.5.4 NavigationalSatellites 34 1.5.5 MilitarySatellites 35 FurtherReading 35 Glossary 35 2 SatelliteOrbitsandTrajectories 37 2.1 DefinitionofanOrbitandaTrajectory 37 viii Contents 2.2 OrbitingSatellites--BasicPrinciples 37 2.2.1 Newton’sLawofGravitation 39 2.2.2 Newton’sSecondLawofMotion 40 2.2.3 Kepler’sLaws 41 2.3 OrbitalParameters 44 2.4 InjectionVelocityandResultingSatelliteTrajectories 61 2.5 TypesofSatelliteOrbits 67 2.5.1 OrientationoftheOrbitalPlane 67 2.5.2 EccentricityoftheOrbit 68 2.5.3 DistancefromEarth 70 2.5.4 Sun-synchronousOrbit 73 FurtherReadings 76 Glossary 76 3 SatelliteLaunchandIn-orbitOperations 79 3.1 AcquiringtheDesiredOrbit 79 3.1.1 ParametersDefiningtheSatelliteOrbit 80 3.1.2 ModifyingtheOrbitalParameters 83 3.2 LaunchSequence 95 3.2.1 TypesofLaunchSequence 95 3.3 LaunchVehicles 100 3.3.1 Introduction 100 3.3.2 Classification 100 3.3.3 AnatomyofaLaunchVehicle 104 3.3.4 PrincipalParameters 106 3.3.5 MajorLaunchVehicles 108 3.4 SpaceCentres 127 3.4.1 LocationConsiderations 127 3.4.2 ConstituentPartsofaSpaceCentre 128 3.4.3 MajorSpaceCentres 129 3.5 OrbitalPerturbations 144 3.6 SatelliteStabilization 146 3.6.1 SpinStabilization 146 3.6.2 Three-axisorBodyStabilization 147 3.6.3 ComparisonbetweenSpin-stabilizedandThree-axis StabilizedSatellites 149 3.6.4 StationKeeping 149 3.7 OrbitalEffectsonSatellite’sPerformance 149 3.7.1 DopplerShift 149 3.7.2 VariationintheOrbitalDistance 150 3.7.3 SolarEclipse 150 3.7.4 SunTransitOutrage 150 3.8 Eclipses 150 3.9 LookAnglesofaSatellite 154 3.9.1 AzimuthAngle 154

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