Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications

848 Pages·2014·40.63 MB·English

by  Maini

SATELLITE
TECHNOLOGY

SATELLITE
TECHNOLOGY
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
ThirdEdition
AnilK.Maini
VarshaAgrawal
BothofLaserScienceandTechnologyCentre,
DefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization,
MinistryofDefence,India
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014
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Maini,AnilKumar.
Satellitetechnology:principlesandapplications/AnilK.Maini,
VarshaAgrawal.--Thirdedition.
1onlineresource.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIPdataprovidedby
publisher;resourcenotviewed.
ISBN978-1-118-63637-4(ePub)--ISBN978-1-118-63641-1(AdobePDF)--
ISBN978-1-118-63647-3(cloth)1. Artificialsatellites. 2. Scientific
satellites. I.Agrawal,Varsha. II.Title.
TL796
629.46--dc23
2014001139
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9781118636473
Setin10/12TimesLTStdbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
1 2014
Inlovingmemoryofmyfather-in-law
ShriRamjiBazaz
AnilK.Maini
Inlovingmemoryofmymother,MrsKussumAgrawal
WhohasalwaysbeenwithmeinSpiritandinmyHeart
VarshaAgrawal

Contents
Preface xxi
PARTI SATELLITETECHNOLOGY
1 IntroductiontoSatellitesandtheirApplications 3
1.1 Ever-expandingApplicationSpectrum 3
1.2 WhatisaSatellite? 4
1.3 HistoryoftheEvolutionofSatellites 7
1.3.1 EraofHotAirBalloonsandSoundingRockets 7
1.3.2 LaunchofEarlyArtificialSatellites 8
1.3.3 SatellitesforCommunications,MeteorologyandScientific
Exploration--EarlyDevelopments 10
1.3.4 Non-geosynchronousCommunicationSatellites:
TelstarandRelayProgrammes 11
1.3.5 EmergenceofGeosynchronousCommunicationSatellites 12
1.3.6 InternationalCommunicationSatelliteSystems 15
1.3.7 DomesticCommunicationSatelliteSystems 16
1.3.8 SatellitesforotherApplicationsalsomadeRapidProgress 19
1.3.9 SmallorMiniatureSatellites 22
1.4 EvolutionofLaunchVehicles 27
1.5 FutureTrends 33
1.5.1 CommunicationSatellites 33
1.5.2 WeatherForecastingSatellites 33
1.5.3 EarthObservationSatellites 33
1.5.4 NavigationalSatellites 34
1.5.5 MilitarySatellites 35
FurtherReading 35
Glossary 35
2 SatelliteOrbitsandTrajectories 37
2.1 DefinitionofanOrbitandaTrajectory 37
viii Contents
2.2 OrbitingSatellites--BasicPrinciples 37
2.2.1 Newton’sLawofGravitation 39
2.2.2 Newton’sSecondLawofMotion 40
2.2.3 Kepler’sLaws 41
2.3 OrbitalParameters 44
2.4 InjectionVelocityandResultingSatelliteTrajectories 61
2.5 TypesofSatelliteOrbits 67
2.5.1 OrientationoftheOrbitalPlane 67
2.5.2 EccentricityoftheOrbit 68
2.5.3 DistancefromEarth 70
2.5.4 Sun-synchronousOrbit 73
FurtherReadings 76
Glossary 76
3 SatelliteLaunchandIn-orbitOperations 79
3.1 AcquiringtheDesiredOrbit 79
3.1.1 ParametersDefiningtheSatelliteOrbit 80
3.1.2 ModifyingtheOrbitalParameters 83
3.2 LaunchSequence 95
3.2.1 TypesofLaunchSequence 95
3.3 LaunchVehicles 100
3.3.1 Introduction 100
3.3.2 Classification 100
3.3.3 AnatomyofaLaunchVehicle 104
3.3.4 PrincipalParameters 106
3.3.5 MajorLaunchVehicles 108
3.4 SpaceCentres 127
3.4.1 LocationConsiderations 127
3.4.2 ConstituentPartsofaSpaceCentre 128
3.4.3 MajorSpaceCentres 129
3.5 OrbitalPerturbations 144
3.6 SatelliteStabilization 146
3.6.1 SpinStabilization 146
3.6.2 Three-axisorBodyStabilization 147
3.6.3 ComparisonbetweenSpin-stabilizedandThree-axis
StabilizedSatellites 149
3.6.4 StationKeeping 149
3.7 OrbitalEffectsonSatellite’sPerformance 149
3.7.1 DopplerShift 149
3.7.2 VariationintheOrbitalDistance 150
3.7.3 SolarEclipse 150
3.7.4 SunTransitOutrage 150
3.8 Eclipses 150
3.9 LookAnglesofaSatellite 154
3.9.1 AzimuthAngle 154