Satellite Technology

696 Pages·2010·13 MB·English

SATELLITE
TECHNOLOGY

SATELLITE
TECHNOLOGY
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
SecondEdition
AnilK.Maini
VarshaAgrawal
BothofLaserScienceandTechnologyCentre,
DefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization,
MinistryofDefence,India
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
©2011JohnWiley&SonsLtd.,
Registeredoffice
JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor
permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,
DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe
availableinelectronicbooks.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand
productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir
respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.This
publicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itis
soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladvice
orotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Maini,AnilKumar.
Satellitetechnology:principlesandapplications/AnilK.Maini,VarshaAgrawal.–2nded.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-66024-9(cloth)
1.Artificialsatellites.I.Agrawal,Varsha.II.Title.
TL796.M282010
629.43’4–dc22
2010015325
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:9780470660249(H/B)
ePDFISBN:9780470711729
oBookISBN:9780470711736
Setin10/12TimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
Contents
Preface xvii
PARTI SATELLITETECHNOLOGY
1 IntroductiontoSatellitesandtheirApplications 3
1.1 Ever-expandingApplicationSpectrum 3
1.2 WhatisaSatellite? 4
1.3 HistoryoftheEvolutionofSatellites 7
1.3.1 EraofHotAirBalloonsandSoundingRockets 7
1.3.2 LaunchofEarlyArtificialSatellites 8
1.3.3 SatellitesforCommunications,MeteorologyandScientific
Exploration–EarlyDevelopments 10
1.3.4 Non-geosynchronousCommunicationSatellites:
TelstarandRelayProgrammes 11
1.3.5 EmergenceofGeosynchronousCommunication
Satellites 12
1.3.6 InternationalCommunicationSatelliteSystems 15
1.3.7 DomesticCommunicationSatelliteSystems 16
1.3.8 SatellitesforotherApplicationsalsomade
RapidProgress 18
1.4 EvolutionofLaunchVehicles 22
1.5 FutureTrends 28
1.5.1 CommunicationSatellites 28
1.5.2 WeatherForecastingSatellites 28
1.5.3 EarthObservationSatellites 28
1.5.4 NavigationalSatellites 29
1.5.5 MilitarySatellites 30
FurtherReading 30
Glossary 30
2 SatelliteOrbitsandTrajectories 33
2.1 DefinitionofanOrbitandaTrajectory 33
vi Contents
2.2 OrbitingSatellites–BasicPrinciples 33
2.2.1 Newton’sLawofGravitation 35
2.2.2 Newton’sSecondLawofMotion 36
2.2.3 Kepler’sLaws 37
2.3 OrbitalParameters 40
2.4 InjectionVelocityandResultingSatelliteTrajectories 57
2.5 TypesofSatelliteOrbits 63
2.5.1 OrientationoftheOrbitalPlane 63
2.5.2 EccentricityoftheOrbit 64
2.5.3 DistancefromEarth 66
2.5.4 Sun-synchronousOrbit 69
FurtherReading 72
Glossary 72
3 SatelliteLaunchandIn-orbitOperations 75
3.1 AcquiringtheDesiredOrbit 75
3.1.1 ParametersDefiningtheSatelliteOrbit 75
3.1.2 ModifyingtheOrbitalParameters 79
3.2 LaunchSequence 91
3.2.1 TypesofLaunchSequence 91
3.2.2 LaunchVehicles 96
3.3 OrbitalPerturbations 97
3.4 SatelliteStabilization 100
3.4.1 SpinStabilization 100
3.4.2 Three-axisorBodyStabilization 101
3.4.3 ComparisonbetweenSpin-stabilizedandThree-axis
StabilizedSatellites 102
3.4.4 StationKeeping 103
3.5 OrbitalEffectsonSatellite’sPerformance 103
3.5.1 DopplerShift 103
3.5.2 VariationintheOrbitalDistance 103
3.5.3 SolarEclipse 104
3.5.4 SunTransitOutrage 104
3.6 Eclipses 105
3.7 LookAnglesofaSatellite 107
3.7.1 AzimuthAngle 108
3.7.2 ElevationAngle 109
3.7.3 ComputingtheSlantRange 111
3.7.4 ComputingtheLine-of-SightDistancebetweenTwoSatellites 112
3.8 EarthCoverageandGroundTracks 119
3.8.1 SatelliteAltitudeandtheEarthCoverageArea 119
3.8.2 SatelliteGroundTracks 121
3.8.3 OrbitInclinationandLatitudeCoverage 122
FurtherReading 125
Glossary 126
vii
4 SatelliteHardware 127
4.1 SatelliteSubsystems 127
4.2 MechanicalStructure 128
4.2.1 DesignConsiderations 129
4.2.2 TypicalStructure 129
4.3 PropulsionSubsystem 130
4.3.1 BasicPrinciple 131
4.3.2 TypesofPropulsionSystem 131
4.4 ThermalControlSubsystem 138
4.4.1 SourcesofThermalInequilibrium 139
4.4.2 MechanismofHeatTransfer 139
4.4.3 TypesofThermalControl 140
4.5 PowerSupplySubsystem 142
4.5.1 TypesofPowerSystem 142
4.5.2 SolarEnergyDrivenPowerSystems 143
4.5.3 Batteries 148
4.6 AttitudeandOrbitControl 152
4.6.1 AttitudeControl 153
4.6.2 OrbitControl 153
4.7 Tracking,TelemetryandCommandSubsystem 154
4.8 Payload 156
4.9 AntennaSubsystem 158
4.9.1 AntennaParameters 160
4.9.2 TypesofAntenna 163
4.10 SpaceQualificationandEquipmentReliability 177
4.10.1 SpaceQualification 177
4.10.2 Reliability 178
FurtherReading 178
Glossary 179
5 CommunicationTechniques 183
5.1 TypesofInformationSignals 183
5.1.1 VoiceSignals 184
5.1.2 DataSignals 184
5.1.3 VideoSignals 184
5.2 AmplitudeModulation 185
5.2.1 FrequencySpectrumoftheAMSignal 186
5.2.2 PowerintheAMSignal 187
5.2.3 NoiseintheAMSignal 187
5.2.4 DifferentFormsofAmplitudeModulation 189
5.3 FrequencyModulation 195
5.3.1 FrequencySpectrumoftheFMSignal 197
5.3.2 NarrowBandandWideBandFM 199
5.3.3 NoiseintheFMSignal 200
viii Contents
5.3.4 GenerationofFMSignals 204
5.3.5 DetectionofFMSignals 206
5.4 PulseCommunicationSystems 213
5.4.1 AnaloguePulseCommunicationSystems 213
5.4.2 DigitalPulseCommunicationSystems 215
5.5 SamplingTheorem 219
5.6 Shannon–HartleyTheorem 220
5.7 DigitalModulationTechniques 221
5.7.1 AmplitudeShiftKeying(ASK) 222
5.7.2 FrequencyShiftKeying(FSK) 222
5.7.3 PhaseShiftKeying(PSK) 223
5.7.4 DifferentialPhaseShiftKeying(DPSK) 224
5.7.5 QuadraturePhaseShiftKeying(QPSK) 225
5.7.6 OffsetQPSK 227
5.8 MultiplexingTechniques 228
5.8.1 FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 228
5.8.2 TimeDivisionMultiplexing 229
FurtherReading 231
Glossary 231
6 MultipleAccessTechniques 235
6.1 IntroductiontoMultipleAccessTechniques 235
6.1.1 TransponderAssignmentModes 236
6.2 FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess(FDMA) 237
6.2.1 DemandAssignedFDMA 239
6.2.2 Pre-assignedFDMA 239
6.2.3 CalculationofC/NRatio 239
6.3 SingleChannelPerCarrier(SCPC)Systems 242
6.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMASystem 242
6.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMASystem 243
6.4 MultipleChannelsPerCarrier(MCPC)Systems 244
6.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMASystem 244
6.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMASystem 245
6.5 TimeDivisionMultipleAccess(TDMA) 246
6.6 TDMAFrameStructure 246
6.6.1 ReferenceBurst 247
6.6.2 TrafficBurst 247
6.6.3 GuardTime 248
6.7 TDMABurstStructure 248
6.7.1 CarrierandClockRecoverySequence 248
6.7.2 UniqueWord 248
6.7.3 SignallingChannel 249
6.7.4 TrafficInformation 250
6.8 ComputingUniqueWordDetectionProbability 250
6.9 TDMAFrameEfficiency 251