Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology: Communication, Navigation and Reconnaissance PDF
Preview Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology: Communication, Navigation and Reconnaissance
Jianjun Zhang Jing Li Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology Communication, Navigation and Reconnaissance Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology · Jianjun Zhang Jing Li Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology Communication, Navigation and Reconnaissance JianjunZhang JingLi ChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology BeijingInstituteofTechnology Beijing,China Beijing,China ISBN978-3-030-89842-7 ISBN978-3-030-89843-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89843-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The rapid development and popularization of radio communication technologies have made the electromagnetic environment more and more complex, the use of frequency spectrum has become more and more extensive and spectrum resources havebecomeincreasinglyscarce.Inordertomaximizethevalueoflimitedspectrum resources,ithasbecomeaninevitablerequirementtodevelopelectromagneticspec- trum situational awareness application systems and strengthen spectrum scientific management. Withtheincreaseofradiofrequencybandwidth,traditionalelectronictechnology hasbeendifficulttomeettherequirementsoftheseapplications,andalotofproblems have arisen. It is difficult for analog electronic devices to achieve uniform high performance within one or several octave frequencies, resulting in a low dynamic range.Asaresult,traditionalRFfrequencymeasurementsystemsbasedontraditional microwave devices are confronted with the conflict between frequency intercept probability and frequency resolution. In order to obtain a high enough frequency resolution,itisnecessarytoincreasethenumberofsamplingroutes,whichinturn leadstotheincreaseofSWaPinthedevice.Atthesametime,microwavelinksbased on technical microwave devices are facing high-frequency loss, which ultimately limitsthemeasurementbandwidthofthefrequencymeasuringsystem.Applications such as electronic countermeasure and frequency hopping communication require highfidelitydigitalultra-widebandsignalsfromwhichtargetinformationisextracted byusingDSP.TheincreasedbandwidthworsensthequantizationaccuracyofADC. Even if the analog-to-digital converter can convert high sampling rate and high- resolution analog signals, the battlefield information of the converted massive bits (e.g.,12-bitquantizationof5GHzanalogbandwidthwillgenerateabitrateof60 Gb/s)cannotbeprocessedinsubsequentdigitalsignalprocessingsections. Thedevelopmentofphotontechnologyhasmadepeoplerealizethat,dependingon itsadvantagesofhighbandwidthandlowloss,photontechnologywillbecomeanew analogsignalprocessingplatformtoseparatetheperceptionandfrequencyfunctions from DSP and avoid the huge and high energy consumption of digital processing. ThesystemusingphotontechnologyhastheuniformityoffrequencyfortensofGHz radiofrequencies.Theadvantagesofphotontechnologyincludeparallelprocessing, v vi Preface ultra-widebandtuning,long-distancetransmissionandanti-electromagneticinterfer- ence.Themicrowavefrequency measurementsystembasedonphotontechnology fundamentallybreaksthroughthelimitationofthebandwidthanddynamicrangeof electronicdevices,greatlyincreasesthefrequencymeasurementrangeandreduces the SWaP of devices. At the same time, the response time of the photonic device is much higher than that of the electronic device, which improves the real-time performanceofthefrequencymeasurementsystem. The purpose of this book is to meet the needs at home and abroad, making a profound study of satellite spectrum-sensing technology based on microwave photonics.Thefirstchapteristheintroduction,whichdiscussestheproblemsfaced byelectromagneticspectrumsituationawareness;thesecondchapterismicrowave photonics, which discusses the development of microwave photonics; the third chapterisspacecraftsystem,whichdiscussesthecompositionofsatellites;thefourth chapter is satellite spectrum sensing, which discusses the spectrum-sensing prin- cipleofspacesystem;thefifthchapterisradiofrequencychannelizationtechnology, whichdiscussesvariouscalculationsofchannelizationtechnology;thesixthchapter is the basis of radio frequency photon channelization, which discusses the basic theory of channelized optical link;the seventh chapter is the production and func- tion of optical frequency comb; the eighth chapter is the channelization receiving technologybasedonopticalfrequencycomb;theninthchapterischannelizedlink distortioncompensationbasedondigitalsignalprocessing. Withthecompletionofthisbook,satellitephotoelectricsensingtechnologywill beinnovativelyproposedtomakeupfortheshortcomingscausedbythe“electronic bottleneck” in cognitive radio, greatly promote the process of spectrum sensing and optimization, and finally drive the rapid development of “broadband satellite” business. Bejing,China JianjunZhang JingLi Contents 1 Introduction .................................................. 1 1.1 Problems in Electromagnetic Spectrum Situational Awareness ............................................... 1 1.2 RF Channelized Reception Based on Optoelectronic Technology .............................................. 3 1.2.1 ResearchProgressofRFChannelizedReceiving inPhotonTechnology .............................. 3 1.2.2 ChallengesandDevelopmentTrendsofPhotonic ChannelizedReceptionTechnology ................... 7 References .................................................... 9 2 MicrowavePhotonics .......................................... 11 2.1 TheConceptualConnotationofMicrowavePhotonics ......... 11 2.2 AdvancesinMicrowavePhotonics .......................... 13 2.3 ApplicationsofMicrowavePhotonics ....................... 16 2.4 KeyTechnologiesofMicrowavePhotonics ................... 23 2.4.1 Electro-opticConversion ............................ 23 References .................................................... 29 3 SpacecraftSystem ............................................. 31 3.1 ClassificationofSpacecraft ................................ 31 3.2 MainApplicationSatellites ................................ 33 3.3 TheCompositionoftheSpacecraft .......................... 34 References .................................................... 36 4 CommunicationSatelliteTechnology ............................ 39 4.1 Introduction ............................................. 39 4.2 SatelliteCommunicationServicesandTheirSpectrum Allocation ............................................... 39 4.3 CommunicationSatelliteOrbitandConstellationDesign ....... 43 4.4 CommunicationSatellitePayloadSystemDesign ............. 45 4.5 CommunicationSatellitePlatformDesign ................... 47 vii viii Contents 4.6 CommunicationSatelliteSystemDesign ..................... 48 4.7 FlightProcedureDesign ................................... 50 References .................................................... 53 5 SatelliteSystemSpectrumSensing .............................. 55 5.1 Introduction ............................................. 55 5.2 Spectrum-SensingConcept ................................ 57 5.2.1 SpectrumParameters ............................... 57 5.2.2 Spectrum-SensingTechnologyModel ................. 58 5.2.3 ClassificationofSpectrum-SensingTechnology ........ 61 5.3 Spectrum-SensingPrincipleofSpaceSystem ................. 62 5.3.1 TypicalSatelliteCognitiveNetworkScenario .......... 62 5.3.2 ProblemsinSatelliteSpectrumSensing ............... 67 References .................................................... 68 6 RFChannelizationTechnology ................................. 69 6.1 ResearchBackgroundofBroadbandRFChannelization ReceivingTechnology .................................... 69 6.2 ChannelizedReceiver ..................................... 72 6.2.1 AnalogChannelizedReceiver ....................... 74 6.2.2 DigitalChannelizedReceiver ........................ 80 6.3 BroadbandChannelizedFrequencyMeasurementBased onCognitiveTechnology .................................. 83 6.3.1 PrinciplesofCognitiveDigitalChannelization ......... 83 6.3.2 CognitiveDigitalChannelizationFeatures ............. 86 References .................................................... 87 7 TheBasisofRFPhotonicChannelizationTechnology ............. 89 7.1 BasicTheoryofChannelizedOpticalLinks .................. 89 7.1.1 FunctionalStructureofanOpticalLink ............... 89 7.1.2 PerformanceIndexofanOpticalLink ................ 93 7.1.3 CoherentReceptionStructuralCharacteristics .......... 97 7.2 TheMainDispersionDeviceforPhotonChannelization ....... 100 7.2.1 StructuralCharacteristicsofDispersiveFiber .......... 100 7.2.2 FiberBraggGrating ................................ 102 7.3 OpticalSamplingLinkBasedonPulseSource ................ 103 7.4 Summary ............................................... 108 References .................................................... 108 8 Optical Frequency Comb Generation Mechanism andApplication ............................................... 111 8.1 OpticalFrequencyCombGenerationMethod ................. 111 8.1.1 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased onMode-LockedLasers ............................ 112 8.1.2 SingleModulatorMethod ........................... 113 Contents ix 8.1.3 Optical Frequency Comb Generation Based onCascadeofIntensityModulationandPhase Modulation ....................................... 116 8.1.4 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased onPhase-ModulatedOpticalResonator ............... 120 8.1.5 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased onSelf-PhaseModulationinOpticalFibers ............ 120 8.1.6 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased onMicro-ResonantCavity .......................... 121 8.2 Experiments to Generate Broadband Flat Optical FrequencyCombswithHigh-FrequencyIntervals ............. 122 8.2.1 GenerationofBroadbandFlatOpticalFrequency CombsBasedonRFS .............................. 122 8.2.2 Principle .......................................... 122 8.2.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion ................. 124 8.3 GenerationTechnologyofBi-CoherentOpticalFrequency CombBasedonTimeLensMethod ......................... 125 8.3.1 PrincipleoftheOpticalFrequencyCombGenerated bytheTimeLensMethod ........................... 126 8.3.2 Experimental Device for Generating Coherent OpticalFrequencyCombs ........................... 129 8.3.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion ................. 130 References .................................................... 131 9 Channelized Receiving Technology Based on Optical FrequencyComb .............................................. 133 9.1 Channelized Filtering Receiving Technology Based onFabry–PerotFilter ..................................... 133 9.1.1 Fabry–PerotFilterPrinciple ......................... 134 9.1.2 ChannelizationFilteringPrinciple .................... 135 9.1.3 SimulationofChannelizedFilterReceiverSystem ...... 137 9.1.4 ExperimentalResultsandAnalysisofChannelized FilterReceiverSystem .............................. 138 9.2 CoherentOpticalCommunicationTechnology ................ 141 9.2.1 CoherentReceptionTechnology ..................... 141 9.2.2 I/QDemodulationTechnology ....................... 143 9.3 RFChannelizationReceivingTechnologyBasedonDual CoherentOpticalFrequencyComb ......................... 144 9.3.1 CoherentChannelizationReceptionPrinciple .......... 144 9.3.2 Experimental Structure of RF Channelization BasedonDual-CoherentOpticalFrequencyComb ...... 147 9.3.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion ................. 148 References .................................................... 152 x Contents 10 ChannelizedLinkDistortionCompensationBasedonDigital SignalProcessing .............................................. 153 10.1 SignificanceofChannelizedLinkDistortionCompensation .... 153 10.2 Nonlinear Distortion Generation Mechanism inMulti-CarrierRFOpticalLinks .......................... 154 10.3 Channelized Link Distortion Compensation Principle BasedonDigitalSignalProcessing ......................... 156 10.4 Nonlinear Suppression Experiment and Performance Discussion of Channelized Link Based on Digital Processing .............................................. 158 References .................................................... 160
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