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Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies PDF

412 Pages·2020·16.328 MB·English
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Space Science and Technologies Series Editor: Peijian Ye Jun Xie · Haihong Wang · Peng Li · Yansong Meng Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies Space Science and Technologies Series Editor Peijian Ye, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China Space Science and Technologies publishes a host of recent advances and achievements in the field – quickly and informally. It covers a wide range of disciplines and specialties, with a focus on three main aspects: key theories, basic implementation methods, and practical engineering applications. It includes, but is not limited to, theoretical and applied overall system design, subsystem design, major space-vehicle supporting technologies, and the management of related engineering implementations. Within the scopes of the series are monographs, professional books or graduate textbooks, edited volumes, and reference works purposely devoted to support education in related areas at the graduate and post-graduate levels. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16385 Jun Xie Haihong Wang Peng Li (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) Yansong Meng Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies 123 Jun Xie Haihong Wang Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering CAST CAST Beijing,China Beijing,China PengLi Yansong Meng Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering CAST-Xi’an CAST Xi’an,Shanxi, China Beijing,China ISSN 2730-6410 ISSN 2730-6429 (electronic) Space ScienceandTechnologies ISBN978-981-15-4862-8 ISBN978-981-15-4863-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4863-5 JointlypublishedwithBeijingInstituteofTechnologyPress TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChina(Mainland).CustomersfromChina(Mainland)pleaseorderthe printbookfrom:BeijingInstituteofTechnologyPress. ©BeijingInstituteofTechnologyPressandSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublishers,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore ’ Series Editor s Preface China’sspacetechnologyandscienceresearchhaveearnedaplaceintheworld,but have not been compiled into a series of systematic publications yet. In 2018, the series Space Science and Technology edited mainly by me and co-authored by the leading figures in China’s space industry was published in China, when China Academy of Space Technology was celebrating the 50th anniversary of its founding. This collection contains 23 volumes in Chinese, only 10 of which have been selected, re-created and translated into English. In addition, each English volume has been re-created at the suggestion of the Springer, by deleting the contentssimilartoSpringer’sexistingpublicationsandaddingthecontentsthatare internationally advanced and even leading, and bear both Chinese characteristics and worldwide universality. This series fully reflects the knowledge and engi- neering experience recently accumulated by Chinese scientists and engineers in space technology and science research. As the Editor-in-Chief of this series, I always insist that this collection must be of high-quality, either in Chinese version or English version. First, the contents of this series must be condensed and sublimated based on the combination of theory and practice, so as to provide both a theoretical value and engineering guidance. Second,therelationshipsbetweenpastknowledgeandstate-of-the-artandbetween other people’s work and our own new findings should be properly balanced in the book contents to ensure the knowledge systematicness and continuity and to highlight new achievements and insights. Each volume intends to introduce the readers something new. Third, the English version should be customized for internationalexposureandplayasolidsupportingroleforChinatocontributetothe world’s space field. This collection consists of 10 volumes, including Spacecraft Thermal Control Technologies,Spacecraft PowerSystemTechnologies, SpacecraftElectromagnetic Compatibility Technologies, Technologies for Spacecraft Antennas Engineering Design, Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies, Satellite Remote Sensing Technologies, Spacecraft Autonomous Navigation Technologies Based on Multi-sourceInformationFusion,TechnologiesforDeepSpaceExploration,Space Robotics, Manned Spacecraft Technologies. v vi SeriesEditor’sPreface SatelliteNavigation SystemsandTechnologies focusesonthespace segment of satellitenavigationsystem,studiesanddiscussesthenavigationtechniques,mainly including data uploading link, navigation and broadcasting link and inter-satellite link techniques, and highlights the technical characteristics of this system such as high-precisionmeasurement,high-continuityinformationprocessing,high-stability channel transmission, high-power signal emission, high availability and good integrity. In addition, the key technologies of navigation satellite system are studied and discussedhereindepth toprovideareferencefor thedesignofnavigation satellite system. Those technologies include time-frequency reference system, navigation signal evaluation, autonomous satellite operation and other technologies. The publication of this series adds a new member to the international family of spacetechnologyandsciencepublications,andintendstoplayanimportantrolein promoting academic exchanges and space business cooperation. It provides com- prehensive, authentic and rich information for international space scientists and engineers, enterprises and institutions as well as government sectors to have a deeperunderstandingofChina’sspaceindustry.Ofcourse,Ibelievethatthisseries willalsobeofgreatreferencevaluetotheresearchers,engineers,graduatestudents and university students in the related fields. Peijian Ye Academician Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China Preface Satellitenavigationtechnologyreferstothetechnologyofprovidingtheuserswith three-dimensional position information service and time information service by using the radio navigation signal broadcast by the satellites. As the infrastructure of high-precision spatial reference and time reference, satellite navigation system has the technical characteristics such as high-precision measurement, high-continuity information processing, high-stability time trans- mission, high-power signal transmission, high availability and integrity. It embodies the advanced achievements in science and engineering technology fields suchasspacecraftdesign,communicationsystem,electromagneticsandmicrowave engineering, precision measurement, signal and information processing, and quantum physics. Satellite navigation system can provide all-time and all-weather positioning, navigation and timing services to various users on the earth’s surface, at sea and in the near-earth space. It is an absolutely necessary space information infrastructure for national economy, social development and national defense construction nowadays. Based on the design theory and development experience of Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS), this book highlights the space segment and the related satellite technologies as well as satellite-ground integration design from the per- spective of engineering. According to the role of satellite system in the GNSS and the process of signal information flow, through the study on the developments of several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), the satellite navigation technology in this book is divided into uplink and reception technology, broad- casting link technology, inter-satellite link technology, time-frequency system technology, navigation signal generation and assessment technology, navigation information management technology, autonomous operation technology of navi- gation satellite. Each chapter not only studies on the theoretical function and main technologies, but also focuses on engineering development. In the last chapter, we have a research on the technological development status and trend of BDS and other GNSS, and propose the technologies of future development, such as new navigation signal structure, spaceborne cold atomic clock technology, MEO/HEO and deep-space satellite navigation technology, Long-term Operation Technology vii viii Preface ofAutonomousConstellation,advancedinter-satellitelinktechnology,X-raypulsar navigation application, LEO satellite navigation augmentation technology, multi-source information fusion navigation technology, and autonomous health management of navigation satellite. This book consists of 10 chapters, which was written by Jun Xie, Haihong Wang,PengLiandYansongMengfromtheChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology (CAST). The preparation of this book has received care and support from the experts and scholars from the CAST, Institute of Spacecraft System Engneering (ISSE) and the CAST-Xi’an. Bian Lang, Zhang Zhongying, Li Yang and Wang Guoyong et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 3. Tao Yan, Ying Wang, LangBian,HaiqingDongetal.participatedinthepreparationofChap.4.Chengbin Kang,XiangjunWuandYananGuparticipatedinthepreparationofChap.5.Lijun Du, Guoyong Wang, Dong He, Feng Xu et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 6. Xiaozhun Cui and Ying Wang participated in the preparation of Chap. 7. JiaGuoetal.participatedinthepreparationofChap.8.LangBian,JiaGuo,Gong Zhang et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 9. Xiangjun Wu, Qingjun Liu et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 10. The authors acknowledge the contributionsandachievementsmadebytheseindividualsintheprocessofwriting this book. In particular, the guidance and help of academician Peijian Ye has enabled the authors to constantly revise and improve this book. The authors who have benefited a lot would like to express heartfelt thanks to him. This book is the research achievements made by the CAST navigation satellite technology team over the years. It can be used as a technical manual for the engineersandtechniciansengagedinthedesignofsatellitenavigationsystem,and as a textbook for senior undergraduate students and graduate students. Withtherapiddevelopmentofsatellitenavigationtechnology,theapplicationof satellite navigation has become more extensive and will be involved in more technical contents. We will keep on research and look forward to sharing our research achievements, engineering experience and ideas with readers. The cor- rection by readers and experts is kindly requested. Beijing, China Jun Xie Beijing, China Haihong Wang Beijing, China Peng Li Xi’an, China Yansong Meng Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Evolution of Navigation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Function and Application of Satellite Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.1 Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 Positioning Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.3 Multiple-Access Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 Time-Frequency Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.1 International Atomic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.2 Coordinated Universal Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.3 Time Reference of Navigation Satellite System . . . . . . 14 1.5 Spatial Coordinate System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5.1 Overview of Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5.2 Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) . . . . . . 16 1.5.3 Earth-Fixed Coordinate System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.5.4 Transformation Between Coordinate Systems. . . . . . . . 19 1.6 Time Reference and Coordinates of Navigation Satellite . . . . . . 21 1.6.1 Offset Between Satellite Time and System Time . . . . . 22 1.6.2 Ephemeris Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.6.3 GNSS Precise Orbit Determination and Time Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.7 Functional Composition of Satellite Navigation System. . . . . . . 25 1.7.1 Ground Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.7.2 Space Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.7.3 User Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.8 System Service Performance Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.8.1 Definitions of Standard Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.8.2 Relationships Among Service Reliability Indicators . . . 32 1.8.3 BDS Service Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ix

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