Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies

412 Pages·2020·16.328 MB·English

by  Jun Xie, Haihong Wang, Peng Li, Yansong Meng

Space Science and Technologies
Series Editor: Peijian Ye
Jun Xie · Haihong Wang ·
Peng Li · Yansong Meng
Satellite Navigation
Systems and
Technologies
Space Science and Technologies
Series Editor
Peijian Ye, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China
Space Science and Technologies publishes a host of recent advances and
achievements in the field – quickly and informally. It covers a wide range of
disciplines and specialties, with a focus on three main aspects: key theories, basic
implementation methods, and practical engineering applications. It includes, but is
not limited to, theoretical and applied overall system design, subsystem design,
major space-vehicle supporting technologies, and the management of related
engineering implementations.
Within the scopes of the series are monographs, professional books or graduate
textbooks, edited volumes, and reference works purposely devoted to support
education in related areas at the graduate and post-graduate levels.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16385
Jun Xie Haihong Wang Peng Li
(cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129)
Yansong Meng
Satellite Navigation Systems
and Technologies
123
Jun Xie Haihong Wang
Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering
CAST CAST
Beijing,China Beijing,China
PengLi Yansong Meng
Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering CAST-Xi’an
CAST Xi’an,Shanxi, China
Beijing,China
ISSN 2730-6410 ISSN 2730-6429 (electronic)
Space ScienceandTechnologies
ISBN978-981-15-4862-8 ISBN978-981-15-4863-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4863-5
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’
Series Editor s Preface
China’sspacetechnologyandscienceresearchhaveearnedaplaceintheworld,but
have not been compiled into a series of systematic publications yet. In 2018, the
series Space Science and Technology edited mainly by me and co-authored by the
leading figures in China’s space industry was published in China, when China
Academy of Space Technology was celebrating the 50th anniversary of its
founding. This collection contains 23 volumes in Chinese, only 10 of which have
been selected, re-created and translated into English. In addition, each English
volume has been re-created at the suggestion of the Springer, by deleting the
contentssimilartoSpringer’sexistingpublicationsandaddingthecontentsthatare
internationally advanced and even leading, and bear both Chinese characteristics
and worldwide universality. This series fully reflects the knowledge and engi-
neering experience recently accumulated by Chinese scientists and engineers in
space technology and science research.
As the Editor-in-Chief of this series, I always insist that this collection must be
of high-quality, either in Chinese version or English version. First, the contents of
this series must be condensed and sublimated based on the combination of theory
and practice, so as to provide both a theoretical value and engineering guidance.
Second,therelationshipsbetweenpastknowledgeandstate-of-the-artandbetween
other people’s work and our own new findings should be properly balanced in the
book contents to ensure the knowledge systematicness and continuity and to
highlight new achievements and insights. Each volume intends to introduce the
readers something new. Third, the English version should be customized for
internationalexposureandplayasolidsupportingroleforChinatocontributetothe
world’s space field.
This collection consists of 10 volumes, including Spacecraft Thermal Control
Technologies,Spacecraft PowerSystemTechnologies, SpacecraftElectromagnetic
Compatibility Technologies, Technologies for Spacecraft Antennas Engineering
Design, Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies, Satellite Remote Sensing
Technologies, Spacecraft Autonomous Navigation Technologies Based on
Multi-sourceInformationFusion,TechnologiesforDeepSpaceExploration,Space
Robotics, Manned Spacecraft Technologies.
v
vi SeriesEditor’sPreface
SatelliteNavigation SystemsandTechnologies focusesonthespace segment of
satellitenavigationsystem,studiesanddiscussesthenavigationtechniques,mainly
including data uploading link, navigation and broadcasting link and inter-satellite
link techniques, and highlights the technical characteristics of this system such as
high-precisionmeasurement,high-continuityinformationprocessing,high-stability
channel transmission, high-power signal emission, high availability and good
integrity.
In addition, the key technologies of navigation satellite system are studied and
discussedhereindepth toprovideareferencefor thedesignofnavigation satellite
system. Those technologies include time-frequency reference system, navigation
signal evaluation, autonomous satellite operation and other technologies.
The publication of this series adds a new member to the international family of
spacetechnologyandsciencepublications,andintendstoplayanimportantrolein
promoting academic exchanges and space business cooperation. It provides com-
prehensive, authentic and rich information for international space scientists and
engineers, enterprises and institutions as well as government sectors to have a
deeperunderstandingofChina’sspaceindustry.Ofcourse,Ibelievethatthisseries
willalsobeofgreatreferencevaluetotheresearchers,engineers,graduatestudents
and university students in the related fields.
Peijian Ye
Academician
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China
Preface
Satellitenavigationtechnologyreferstothetechnologyofprovidingtheuserswith
three-dimensional position information service and time information service by
using the radio navigation signal broadcast by the satellites.
As the infrastructure of high-precision spatial reference and time reference,
satellite navigation system has the technical characteristics such as high-precision
measurement, high-continuity information processing, high-stability time trans-
mission, high-power signal transmission, high availability and integrity. It
embodies the advanced achievements in science and engineering technology fields
suchasspacecraftdesign,communicationsystem,electromagneticsandmicrowave
engineering, precision measurement, signal and information processing, and
quantum physics. Satellite navigation system can provide all-time and all-weather
positioning, navigation and timing services to various users on the earth’s surface,
at sea and in the near-earth space. It is an absolutely necessary space information
infrastructure for national economy, social development and national defense
construction nowadays.
Based on the design theory and development experience of Beidou navigation
satellite system (BDS), this book highlights the space segment and the related
satellite technologies as well as satellite-ground integration design from the per-
spective of engineering. According to the role of satellite system in the GNSS and
the process of signal information flow, through the study on the developments of
several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), the satellite navigation
technology in this book is divided into uplink and reception technology, broad-
casting link technology, inter-satellite link technology, time-frequency system
technology, navigation signal generation and assessment technology, navigation
information management technology, autonomous operation technology of navi-
gation satellite. Each chapter not only studies on the theoretical function and main
technologies, but also focuses on engineering development. In the last chapter, we
have a research on the technological development status and trend of BDS and
other GNSS, and propose the technologies of future development, such as new
navigation signal structure, spaceborne cold atomic clock technology, MEO/HEO
and deep-space satellite navigation technology, Long-term Operation Technology
vii
viii Preface
ofAutonomousConstellation,advancedinter-satellitelinktechnology,X-raypulsar
navigation application, LEO satellite navigation augmentation technology,
multi-source information fusion navigation technology, and autonomous health
management of navigation satellite.
This book consists of 10 chapters, which was written by Jun Xie, Haihong
Wang,PengLiandYansongMengfromtheChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology
(CAST). The preparation of this book has received care and support from the
experts and scholars from the CAST, Institute of Spacecraft System Engneering
(ISSE) and the CAST-Xi’an. Bian Lang, Zhang Zhongying, Li Yang and Wang
Guoyong et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 3. Tao Yan, Ying Wang,
LangBian,HaiqingDongetal.participatedinthepreparationofChap.4.Chengbin
Kang,XiangjunWuandYananGuparticipatedinthepreparationofChap.5.Lijun
Du, Guoyong Wang, Dong He, Feng Xu et al. participated in the preparation of
Chap. 6. Xiaozhun Cui and Ying Wang participated in the preparation of Chap. 7.
JiaGuoetal.participatedinthepreparationofChap.8.LangBian,JiaGuo,Gong
Zhang et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 9. Xiangjun Wu, Qingjun Liu
et al. participated in the preparation of Chap. 10. The authors acknowledge the
contributionsandachievementsmadebytheseindividualsintheprocessofwriting
this book. In particular, the guidance and help of academician Peijian Ye has
enabled the authors to constantly revise and improve this book. The authors who
have benefited a lot would like to express heartfelt thanks to him.
This book is the research achievements made by the CAST navigation satellite
technology team over the years. It can be used as a technical manual for the
engineersandtechniciansengagedinthedesignofsatellitenavigationsystem,and
as a textbook for senior undergraduate students and graduate students.
Withtherapiddevelopmentofsatellitenavigationtechnology,theapplicationof
satellite navigation has become more extensive and will be involved in more
technical contents. We will keep on research and look forward to sharing our
research achievements, engineering experience and ideas with readers. The cor-
rection by readers and experts is kindly requested.
Beijing, China Jun Xie
Beijing, China Haihong Wang
Beijing, China Peng Li
Xi’an, China Yansong Meng
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Evolution of Navigation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Function and Application of Satellite Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Positioning Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Multiple-Access Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Time-Frequency Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 International Atomic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Coordinated Universal Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.3 Time Reference of Navigation Satellite System . . . . . . 14
1.5 Spatial Coordinate System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.1 Overview of Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.2 Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) . . . . . . 16
1.5.3 Earth-Fixed Coordinate System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.4 Transformation Between Coordinate Systems. . . . . . . . 19
1.6 Time Reference and Coordinates of Navigation Satellite . . . . . . 21
1.6.1 Offset Between Satellite Time and System Time . . . . . 22
1.6.2 Ephemeris Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6.3 GNSS Precise Orbit Determination and Time
Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7 Functional Composition of Satellite Navigation System. . . . . . . 25
1.7.1 Ground Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.7.2 Space Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.7.3 User Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.8 System Service Performance Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8.1 Definitions of Standard Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.8.2 Relationships Among Service Reliability Indicators . . . 32
1.8.3 BDS Service Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
ix