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Sat Subject Test: Physics PDF

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SAT® Subject Test: PHYSICS 2011-2012 Hugh Henderson ~PUBLISHING New York SA~ is a registered trademark of the College Board, which is not affiliated with thrs book. SAT® Subject Test: PHYSICS 2011-2012 Hugh Henderson ~ PUBLISHING SAT-' is a registered trademark of the College Board, which is not affiliated with this book. SAT" is a registered trademark of the College Board, which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other profess·1onal service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. C 2011 Grace Freedson's Publishing Network, LLC. Published by Kaplan Publishing, a division of Kaplan, Inc. 395 Hudson Street New York, NY 10014 All rights reserved. The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced in any manner whatso~r without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 B 7 6 5 4 3 ISBN-13: 978-1-60714-873-9 Kaplan Pu.blishing books are available.at special quantity discounts to use for sales promotions, employee premiums, or edu cational purposes. For more information or to purchase books, please call the Simon & Schuster special sales department at 866-506-1949. Table of Contents About the Author ................................................. xi PART ONE: The Basics Chapter 1: About the SAT Subject Tests ................................. 3 Common Questions About the SAT Subject Tests. . . . 3 SAT Subject Test Mastery.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chapter 2: Getting Ready for the SAT Subject Test: Physics ................. 9 Content.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9 Scoring Information .. ····· .............. ········· ...... 12 Question Types. . ... ········ ...... 12 Kaplan Strategies .... . .•.. 16 Stress Management .............................................. 17 Tips for Just Before the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 PART TWO: Diagnostic Test How to Take the Diagnostic Test ................. . . ......... 28 How to Calculate Your Score ........... . . ........... 29 Diagnostic Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. 31 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 44 Answers and Explanations . . . .............................. 45 How to Use the Results of Your Diagnostic Test in Your Review ............. 51 PART THREE: Physics Review Chapter 3: Measurement, Scalars, and Vectors .......................... 55 Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ,. .............................. 55 Graphing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... 57 Trigonometry ................................................... 60 Scalars and Vectors .......................................... 61 Measurement, Scalars, and Vectors Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66 Solutions to Measurement, Scalars, and Vectors Review Questions ........... 68 Chapter 4: Kinematics ..............................................7 1 Distance and Displacement . . . ................... 71 Speed and Velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 72 Acceleration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 72 The Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion .......... . .73 Graphs of Motion .................. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 80 Kinematics Review Questions ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 85 Solutions to Kinematics Review Questions ,. ........ . . ... 88 Chapter 5: Dynamics ...............................................9 1 Newton's First Law of Motion... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Newton's Second Law of Motion ...... . .92 Newton's Third Law of Motion. . .... 97 Dynamics Review Questions .... . . 101 Solutions to Dynamics Review Questions . . .. '. 103 Chapter 6; Momentum and Impulse .................................• 105 Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--........ 105 Impulse ... . .106 Conservation of Momentum in One Dimension ........................ 107 Momentum and Impulse Review Questions ...................... . . 111 Solutions to Momentum and Impulse Review questions ..... . ......... 113 Chapter 7: Work and Energy ........................................ 115 Work............................... . ..... 115 Energy... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 118 Power................................. . .................. 120 Work and Energy Review Questions . . ................ 122 Solutions to Work and Energy Review Questions .................. 124 Chapter 8: Circular Motion and Rotation .............................. 127 Uniform Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 127 Torque................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... 131 Circular Motion and Rotation Review Questions. . . .................. 132 Solutions to Circular Motion and Rotation Review Questions .............. 134 Chapter 9: Vibrations .............................................. 137 The Dynamics of Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 137 Energy Considerations in Harmonic Motion . . ..... 140 Vibrations Review Questions ...................................... 1~ Solutions to Vibrations Review Questions .... . 145 Chapter 10: Gravity ............................................... 147 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. . . . . . . . . . . 147 Orbiting Satellites.... . . . . . . . . . ........................... 149 Gravity Review Questions .......... . . . 151 Solutions to Gravity Review Questions ........ . . .................. 152 Chapter 11: Electric Fields, Forces, and Potentials ..................... ·. . 155 Charge. . . .......................................... 155 Coulomb's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 156 Separation and Transfer of Charge in an Electroscope ........ , . . . . 157 Electric Field. . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... 159 ' Electric Fields, Forces, and Potential Review Questions . -=--. . ...... 163 Solutions to Electric Fields, Forces, and Potential Review Questions .......... 165 Chapter 12: Circuits ............................................... 167 Current, Voltage, and Resistance . . . . .......................... 167 Power and Joule's Law of Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 169 Circuits with More Than One Resistor. . . . ................. 170 Capacitance and Resistance-Capacitance Circuits .......... . . ... 174 Circuits Review Questions ... . ............ 178 Solutions to Circuits Review Questions .. . ......................... 1W Chapter 13: Magnetic Fields and Forces ............................... 183 Magnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 183 Electromagnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . ...... 187 Magnetic Fields and Forces Review Questions .......................... 189 Solutions to Magnetic Fields and Forces Review Questions ................ 191 Chapter 14: General Wave Properties ................................. 193 Basic Properties of Mechanical Waves. . ......................... 193 Sound Waves and the Doppler Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195 Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, and Interference of Mechanical Waves . 196 Standing Waves .................................. . . ......... 199 General Wave Properties Review Questions ........ . . ... 200 .solutions to General Wave Properties Review Questions. . .202 Chapter 15: Reflection and Refraction of Light .............. , .. , .. , .... 205 Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Reflection of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Refraction of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206 Total Internal Reflection .......................................... 208 Reflection and Refraction of Light Review Questions ... .-................ 21 O Solutions to Reflection and Refraction of Light Review Questions ........... 212 Chapter 16: Polarization, Diffraction, and Interference of Light ........... 215 Polarization ......... . . ........ 215 Diffraction and Interference ... .216 Polarization, Diffraction, and Interference of Light Review Questions ........ 218 Solutions to Polarization, Diffraction, and Interference of Light Review Questions ..................... . . ......... 220 Chapter 17: Ray Optics ............................................. 223 Mirrors............... . .................. 223 Lenses ........................... . . .. 224 Ray Optics Review Questions ................................. 228. Solutions to Ray Optics Review Questions. . . . . ................ 229 Chapter 18: Heat, Temperature, and Thermodynamics., ................. 231 Heat and Temperature............... .231 Specific Heat and Heat Capacity .. ........ .2TI Phase Changes .............. . . ......................... 2M The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics ........................ 236 Heat, Temperature, and Thermodynamics Review Questions .. . .239 Solutions to Heat, Temperature, and Thermodynamics Review Questions ..... 241 Chapter 19: Gases and Kinetic Theory ..................•............. 243 !deal Gases .............. . . .... 243 The Kinetic Theory of G~ses. . ..................... 245 Gases and Kinetic Theory Review Questions .. . .......... 246 Solutions to Gases and Kinetic Theory Review Questions ................. 248 Chapter 20: Quantum Phenomena ................................... 251 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 251 The Momentum of a Photon and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. . .. 254 Matter waves and the de Broglie Wavelength of a Particle ......... . . .. 255 Quantum Phenomena Review Questions ............. . . .. 256 Solutions to Quantum Phenomena Review Questions. . .............. 258 Chapter 21: Atomic Physics ......................................... 261 Rutherford Model of the Atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261 Bohr Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Atomic Physics Review Questions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Solutions to Atomic Physics Review Questions ................ 266 Chapter 22: Nuclear and Particle Physics .............................. 269 Nuclear Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 269 Nuclear Binding Energy .. . . ........ 270 Nuclear Reactions ............... . . ....................... '.271 Nuclear and Particle Physics Review Questions .... . ........ 275 Solutions to Nuclear and Particle Physics Review Questions ...... . . .. 277 Chapter 23: Special Relativity ...........•........................... 279 The Two Postulates in the Theory of Special Relativity .................... 279 Special Relativity Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 283 Solutions to Special Relativity Review Questions ............ . . .284 PART FOUR: Practice Tests How to Take the Practice Tests ............... . . .............. 288 How to Calculate Your Score ...................... . .289 Practice Test 1 .................................................... 291 Answer Key ......... . . .306 Answers and Explanations .............. . . ............. 307 Practice Test 2 ........................................•........... 315 Answer Key. . .............. 330 Answers and Explanations ... . .. 331 Practice Test 3 ................................................... 339 Answer Key ... . ...................... 3~ Answers and Explanations .. .355 Glossary ......................................................... 361 Index ...........................................................3 73

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