SARS: A Case Study in Emerging Infections

144 Pages·2005·9.35 MB·English

by  Angela R. McLean

SARS: A Case Study in Emerging Infections
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SARS: A Case
Study in Emerging
Infections
EDITED BY
Angela R. McLean
University of Oxford, UK
Robert M. May
University of Oxford, UK
John Pattison
Department of Health, UK
Robin A. Weiss
University College London, UK
Originating from a Royal Society Discussion Meeting first published
in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1
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SARS:acasestudyinemerginginfections/editedbyAngelaMcLean ... [etal.].
p.cm.
‘‘OriginatingfromcontributiontoaDiscussionMeetingoftheRoyalSocietyof
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ISBN0-19-856819-3(alk.paper)–ISBN0-19-856818-5(alk.paper) 1. SARS
(Disease)–Epidemiology. I. McLean,Angela. II. RoyalSociety(GreatBritain)
RA644.S17S272005
614.5092–dc22 2004027494
TypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,India
PrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyAntonyRowe,Chippenham
ISBN0-19-856818-5(Hbk.)
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contents
Contributors vii
List ofAbbreviation ix
1 Introduction 1
AngelaR.McLean, RobertM.May,JohnPattison, andRobinA.Weiss
2 Environmental andsocialinfluencesonemerging infectious
diseases:past, present,andfuture 4
AnthonyJ.McMichael
3 Evolutionary geneticsandtheemergenceofSARS Coronavirus 16
EdwardC.Holmesand AndrewRambaut
4 Influenzaasamodelsystemforstudyingthecross-species
transfer andevolutionoftheSARScoronavirus 24
RobinM.Bush
5 Management andpreventionofSARS inChina 31
NanshanZhongandGuangqiaoZeng
6 Confronting SARS:aviewfromHongKong 35
J.S.Malik PeirisandYiGuan
7 The aetiologyofSARS: Koch’spostulatesfulfilled 41
AlbertD.M.E.Osterhaus,RonA.M.Fouchier,and ThijsKuiken
8 Laboratory diagnosisofSARS 43
AlisonBermingham,PaulP.Heinen,Mirien Iturriza-Go´mara,JimJ.Gray,
HazelAppleton,and MariaC.Zambon
9 Animalorigins ofSARSCoronavirus: possiblelinkswiththe
international tradeinsmallcarnivores 51
DianaJ.Bell,ScottRoberton,and PaulR.Hunter
v
vi CONTENTS
10 Epidemiology, transmissiondynamics,andcontrolofSARS: the
2002–2003 epidemic 61
RoyM.Anderson,Christophe Fraser,Azra C.Ghani,
ChristlA.Donnelly,StevenRiley,NeilM.Ferguson,
GabrielM.Leung,TaiH.Lam, andAnthonyJ.Hedley
11 Dynamicsofmodernepidemics 81
DirkBrockmann, LarsHufnagel,andTheoGeisel
12 TheInternationalresponsetotheoutbreak ofSARS, 2003 92
DavidL.Heymann
13 TheExperience ofthe2003 SARSoutbreak asatraumatic stress
amongfrontlinehealth-careworkers inToronto:lessonslearned 96
RobertMaunder,WilliamJ.Lancee,SeanB.Rourke,
JonathanHunter,David S.Goldbloom,KenBalderson,
PatriciaM.Petryshen,MolynLeszcz,RosalieSteinberg,
DonaldWasylenki, DavidKoh,andCalvinS.L.Fones
14 Informedconsent andpublic health 107
OnoraO’Neill
15 WhathavewelearntfromSARS? 112
RobinA.Weissand AngelaR.McLean
References 117
Index 127
Contributors
RoyM.Anderson,DepartmentofInfectiousDisease AzraC.Ghani,DepartmentofInfectiousDisease
Epidemiology,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollege Epidemiology,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollege
London,StMary’sCampus,NorfolkPlace,LondonW2 London,StMary’sCampus,NorfolkPlace,LondonW2
1PG,UK. 1PG,UK.
HazelAppleton,CentreforInfection,HealthProtection DavidS.Goldbloom,CentreforAddictionandMental
Agency,61ColindaleAvenue,London,NW95HT. Health,Toronto,Ontario,Canada;Departmentof
KenBalderson,DepartmentofPsychiatry,Universityof Psychiatry,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Canada.
Toronto,Toronto,Canada.;St.Michael’sHospital, JimJ.Gray,EntericVirusUnit,CentreforInfection,
Toronto,Ontario,Canada. HealthProtectionAgency,61ColindaleAvenue,
Diana J. Bell, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and London,NW95HT.
Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, Y.Guan,DepartmentofMicrobiology,TheUniversityof
University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. HongKong,Pokfulam,HongKongSAR,China.
AlisonBermingham,CentreforInfection,HealthProtection AnthonyJ.Hedley,SassoonRoad,FacultyofMedicine
Agency,61ColindaleAvenue,London,NW95HT. Building,UniversityofHongKong,Pokfulam,
D.Brockmann,Max-Planck-Institutfu¨r HongKong,China.
Stro¨mungsforschungBunsenstr.10,37073 PaulP.Heinen,CentreforInfection,HealthProtection
Go¨ttingen,Germany. Agency,61ColindaleAvenue,London,NW95HT.
RobinM.Bush,DepartmentofEcologyand DavidL.Heymann,FormerExecutiveDirectorof
EvolutionaryBiology,321Steinhaus,Universityof CommunicableDiseases,currentSpecial
California,Irvine,CA92697,USA. RepresentativeoftheDirectorGeneralforPolio
ChristlA.Donnelly,DepartmentofInfectiousDisease Eradication,POL,WorldHealthOrganisation,20
Epidemiology,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollege AvenueAppia,1211Geneva27,Switzerland.
London,StMary’sCampus,NorfolkPlace,LondonW2 EdwardC.Holmes,DepartmentofZoology,
1PG,UK. UniversityofOxford,SouthParksRoad,OxfordOX1
NeilM.Ferguson,DepartmentofInfectiousDisease 3PS,UK.
Epidemiology,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollege LarsHufnagelMax-Planck-Institutfu¨r
London,StMary’sCampus,NorfolkPlace,LondonW2 Stro¨mungsforschungBunsenstr.10,37073Go¨ttingen,
1PG,UK. Germany.
CalvinS.L.Fones,PsychologicalMedicine,National PaulR.Hunter,SchoolofMedicine,HealthPolicyand
UniversityofSingapore,Singapore. Practice,UniversityofEastAnglia,NorwichNR47TJ,
RonA.M.Fouchier,InstituteofVirology,Erasmus UK.
UniversityRotterdam,DrMolewaterplein50,3015GE JonathanHunter,MountSinaiHospital,Toronto,
Rotterdam,TheNetherlands. Ontario,Canada;DepartmentofPsychiatry,University
ChristopheFraser,DepartmentofInfectiousDisease ofToronto,Toronto,Canada.
Epidemiology,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollege MirenIturriza-Go´mara,EntericVirusUnitCentrefor
London,StMary’sCampus,NorfolkPlace,LondonW2 Infection,HealthProtectionAgency,61Colindale
1PG,UK. Avenue,London,NW95HT.
TheoGeisel,Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rStro¨mungsforschung DavidKoh,CommunityOccupationalandFamily
Bunsenstr.10,37073Go¨ttingen,Germany. Medicine,NationalUniversityofSingapore.
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
ThijsKuiken,InstituteofVirology,ErasmusUniversity J.S.MalikPeiris,DepartmentofMicrobiology,The
Rotterdam,DrMolewaterplein50,3015GERotterdam, UniversityofHongKong,Pokfulam,HongKongSAR
TheNetherlands. China.
TaiH.Lam,SassoonRoad,FacultyofMedicineBuilding, PatriciaM.Petryshen,St.Michael’sHospital,Toronto,
UniversityofHongKong,Pokfulam,HongKong, Ontario,Canada.
China. AndrewRambaut,DepartmentofZoology,
WilliamJ.Lancee,MountSinaiHospital,Toronto, UniversityofOxford,SouthParksRoad,OxfordOX1
Ontario,Canada.;DepartmentofPsychiatry, 3PS,UK.
UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Canada. StevenRiley,DepartmentofInfectiousDisease
MolynLeszcz,MountSinaiHospital,Toronto,Ontario, Epidemiology,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollege
Canada.;DepartmentofPsychiatry,Universityof London,StMary’sCampus,NorfolkPlace,LondonW2
Toronto,Toronto,Canada. 1PG,UK.
GabrielM.Leung,SassoonRoad,FacultyofMedicine ScottRoberton,CentreforEcology,Evolutionand
Building,UniversityofHongKong,Pokfulam, Conservation,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,
HongKong,China. UniversityofEastAnglia,NorwichNR47TJ.
RobertMaunder,MountSinaiHospital,Toronto, SeanB.Rourke,DepartmentofPsychiatry,Universityof
Ontario,Canada.,DepartmentofPsychiatry, Toronto,Toronto,Canada.;St.Michael’sHospital,
UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Canada. Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
RobertM.May,DepartmentofZoology,University RosalieSteinberg,MountSinaiHospital,Toronto,
ofOxford,SouthParksRoad,OxfordOX1 Ontario,Canada;DepartmentofPsychiatry,University
3PS,UK ofToronto,Toronto,Canada.
AngelaR.McLean,ZoologyDepartment,Oxford DonaldWasylenki,DepartmentofPsychiatry,
University,SouthParksRoad,OxfordOX1 UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Canada;StMichael’s
3PSUK. Hospital,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
AnthonyJ.McMichael,NationalCentrefor RobinA.Weiss,DivisionofInfectionandImmunity,
EpidemiologyandPopulationHealth,TheAustralian UniversityCollegeLondon,46ClevelandStreet,
NationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia. London,W1T4JF,UK.
OnoraO’Neill,NewnhamCollege,Cambridge, MariaC.Zambon,Enteric,RespiratoryandNeurological
CB39DF. Laboratory,CentreforInfection,HealthProtection
AbD.M.E.Osterhaus,InstituteofVirology,Erasmus Agency,61,ColindaleAvenue,LondonNW95HT.
UniversityRotterdam,DrMolewaterplein50,3015GE GuangqiaoZeng,GuangzhouInstituteofRespiratory
Rotterdam,TheNetherlands. Diseases,GuangzhouChina510120.
JohnPattison,DepartmentofHealth,RichmondHouse, NanshanZhong,GuangzhouInstituteofRespiratory
Whitehall,LondonSW1A2NS,UK. Diseases,GuangzhouChina510120.
List of Abbreviations
CDC CentreforDiseasecontrol
CFR casefatalityrate
CJD Creutzfeldt–JakobDisease
CPAP continuouspositiveairway
CPE cytopathiceffect
GEIS GlobalEmergingInfectionsSurveillanceandResponse
System
GHQ generalhealthquestionnaire
GOARN GlobalOutbreakAlertandResponseNetwork
GPHIN GlobalPublicHealthIntelligenceNetwork
hMPV humanmetapneumovirus
IHR InternationalHealthRegulations
LaoPDR LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic
RDS Respiratorydistresssyndrome
RT-PCR reversetranscription–polymerasechainreaction
SARS severeacuterespiratorysyndrome
SARS-CoV severeacuterespiratorysyndromecoronavirus
SIR susceptible-infectedrecoveredframeworks
SSC SpeciesSurvivalCommission
SSE super-spreadingevent
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
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