SAR Image Analysis - A Computational Statistics Approach: With R Code, Data, and Applications

211 Pages·2022·11.904 MB·English

by  Alejandro C. Frery, Jie Wu, Luis Gomez

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SarImageAnalysis—AComputationalStatisticsApproach
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Sar Image Analysis—A Computational Statistics
Approach
With R Code, Data, and Applications
Alejandro C. Frery
VictoriaUniversityofWellington
Jie Wu
ShaanxiNormalUniversity
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Luis Gomez
UniversidaddeLasPalmasde
GranCanaria
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Frery,AlejandroC.,author.|Wu,Jie,1985-author.|Gomez,Luis
(GomezDeniz),author.
Title:SARimageanalysis—acomputationalstatisticsapproach:withR
code,data,andapplications/AlejandroC.Frery,JieWu,LuisGomez.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley-IEEEPress,2022.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2022000525(print)|LCCN2022000526(ebook)|ISBN
9781119795292(cloth)|ISBN9781119795322(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119795469(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Syntheticapertureradar.|R(Computerprogramlanguage)
Classification:LCCTK6592.S95F742022(print)|LCCTK6592.S95(ebook)
|DDC621.36/78–dc23/eng/20220215
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Tomyhusbandandmyfriends,theyarethesaltofmylife
AlejandroC.Frery
Tomyfamily,myfriends,andmycutegirl,theyaretreasuresofme
JieWu
ToStella,mywifeandsupport,andtomytreasuresandall,PrinceGabyandPrincess
Martina
LuisGomez
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vii
Contents
ForewordbyLuisAlvarez xi
ForewordbyNelsonD.A.Mascarenhas xiii
ForewordbyPaoloGamba xiv
ForewordbyXiangrongZhang xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Acronyms xx
Introduction xxi
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xxv
1 DataAcquisition 1
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1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 SAR 2
1.2.1 TheRadar 2
1.2.2 WhatisSAR? 4
1.2.3 SARSystems 5
1.2.4 TheSyntheticAntenna 9
1.3 SpatialResolution 14
1.4 SARImagingTechniques 15
1.5 TheReturnSignal:BackscatterandSpeckle 17
1.5.1 Backscatter 17
1.5.2 Speckle 20
1.5.3 SARGeometricDistortions 24
1.6 SARSatellites 27
1.6.1 EuropeanMission:Sentinel-1 29
1.6.2 EuropeanMission:COSMO-SkyMedSystems 30
1.6.3 EuropeanMission:TerraSAR-X 30
1.6.4 CanadianandNASAMissions 31
1.6.5 JapanesseMission 33
1.6.6 ChineseMission 34
1.7 CopernicusOpenAccessHub 35
1.8 NASAEarthDataOpenData 36
1.9 ActualSARDataExamples 37
1.9.1 Hawaii’sBigIsland 37
1.9.2 OtherExamples 40
Exercises 41
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viii Contents
2 ElementsofDataAnalysisandImageProcessingwithR 43
2.1 UsefulRPackages 43
2.1.1 DataLoading 43
2.1.2 DataManipulation 44
2.2 DescriptiveStatistics 45
2.2.1 CenterTendencyofData 46
2.2.2 DispersionofData 47
2.2.3 ShapeofData 49
2.3 Visualization 50
2.3.1 RugandBoxPlots 50
2.3.2 Histogram 51
2.3.3 ScatteringDiagram 53
2.4 StatisticsandImageProcessing 54
2.4.1 Histogram-BasedImageTransformation 55
2.4.2 ScatteringbasedAnalysis 57
2.5 TheimagematrixPackage 59
3 IntensitySARDataandtheMultiplicativeModel 61
3.1 TheDistribution 66
3.2 The0Distribution 68
3.3 TheH Distribution 70
3.4 ConnectionBetweenModels 71
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4 ParameterEstimation 75
4.1 Models 75
4.1.1 TheBernoulliDistribution 75
4.1.2 TheBinomialDistribution 76
4.1.3 TheNegativeBinomialDistribution 76
4.1.4 TheUniformDistribution 76
4.1.5 BetaDistribution 76
4.1.6 TheGaussianDistribution 77
4.1.7 MixtureofGaussianDistributions 77
4.1.8 The(SAR)GammaDistribution 78
4.1.9 TheReciprocalGammaDistribution 78
4.1.10 The0Distribution 78
I
4.2 InferencebyAnalogy 78
4.2.1 TheUniformDistribution 79
4.2.2 TheGaussianDistribution 79
4.2.3 MixtureofGaussianDistributions 79
4.2.4 The(SAR)GammaDistribution 79
4.3 InferencebyMaximumLikelihood 80
4.3.1 TheUniformDistribution 80
4.3.2 TheGaussianDistribution 80
4.3.3 MixtureofGaussianDistributions 81
4.3.4 The(SAR)GammaDistribution 81
4.3.5 The0Distribution 82
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