Sapiens

326 Pages·03.499 MB·Bengali

by  Yuval Noah Harari

B›Uvib¨vkbvj †e÷‡mjvi

†mwc‡qÝ
gvby‡li BwZnvm
(www.manusheritihas.com)

Abyev`
†gv¯ÍvK Avn‡g`
ïå miKvi
mywdqvb jwZd
ivwMe Avnmvb

AbjvBb †_‡K wcwWGd
cyivZb eBNi
(www.puratonboighor.com)

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m‚wPcÎ
Abzev`‡Ki ˆKwdqZ
K…ZÁZv
BwZnv‡mi w`bwjwc

cÖ_g ce© : ezw×wfwËK wecøe
wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí
Ávbe…‡¶i †e‡o IVv
Av`g nvIqvi w`bwjwc
AMYb gvbz‡li †mÖvZ

wØZxq ce© : K…wl wecøe
BwZnv‡mi e…nËg dvuwK
Kíbvi KvivMvi
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BwZnvm b¨vqwePv‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe bq

Z…Zxq ce© : gvbeRvwZi HKZvb
BwZnv‡mi Bkviv
UvKvi MÜ cvB
mvgÖvR¨ev`x evmbv
a‡giÖ ixwZbxwZ
mvd‡j¨i inm¨

PZz_© ce© : ˆeÁvwbK wecøe
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wk‡íi i_
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†mwc‡q‡Ýi †k‡li ïiæ

‡kl K_v
†h cÖvYxwU Ck¦i n‡q DV‡jv

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Abzev`‡Ki ˆKwdqZ
Mvb †kl n‡j wkíxi ¯äÍ nevi cvjv| †kÖvZv Zvwj †`‡eb bv `z‡qv †mUv Zv‡`i AwfcÖvq| wkíx Zvi †Póvi meUzKz
†X‡j w`‡q‡Qb mz‡ii Rv`z ˆZwi‡Z| †kÖvZv-`k©‡Ki ivqB Zv‡K †kl‡gl bZg¯‡Í K †g‡b wb‡Z nq| Abzev`Kg©
e¨vcviwUI GiKg GKwU wkí| G †hb wfb‡`kx gvwUi dzj‡K †`‡ki gvwU‡Z djv‡bvi, Zvi iO Avi †mŠif‡K Qwo‡q
†`evi GK AvcÖvY †Póv|
B‡qvfvj †bvqvn nvivwii mv‡_ Avgv‡`i cwiPq Coursera bv‡gi I‡qemvB‡U †bqv GKUv AbjvBb †Kv‡miÖ gva¨‡g|
gvbz‡li BwZnvm wel‡qi †Kvm©| AvMÖ‡ni welq| wKš‘ fq wQ‡jv †Kvm©Uv Avevi †Kej w`b, ¶Y Avi ivRv-MRvi nvi-
wR‡Zi KPKPvwb n‡q bv hvq| wKš ‘ AevK n‡q j¶¨ Kijvg, †jvKUvi AvazwbK weÁvb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cwi®‹vi, nv‡ji
Z_¨-cÖhzw³i AMÖMwZi h‡_ó Lei iv‡Lb Ges BwZnv‡mi Z_¨-DcvˇK Kx K‡i fwel¨r Rxe‡b cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx
wm×v‡šÍ cwiYZ Kiv hvq, m‡PZbfv‡e †m †Póv K‡ib|
Avgiv K‡qKRb wg‡j wm×všÍ wbjvg wfwWI †jKPvi¸‡jv Abzev` K‡i †dj‡ev| †jKPvi Abzev‡`i KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z
bv Ki‡ZB Rvbv †M‡jv nvivwi G msµvšÍ GKwU eB Bs‡iRx‡Z cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qb| bvg Sapiens: A Brief
Historz of Humankind| Gici eB‡qi Rb¨ A‡c¶v| hz³iv‡R¨ eBUv cÖ_g gz³ n‡jv| Avgiv K‡qKRb eBUv
Avbvjvg| eBUv c‡o Avgv‡`i GUzKz aviYv n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki gvbz‡li Kv‡Q GB eBUvi Abzev` †cŠuQv‡j Zviv cÖPwjZ
A‡bK a¨vb-aviYv‡K wb‡Ri ezw× w`‡q wePvi K‡i †`L‡Z wkL‡eb| eBUvi Abzev` ïiæ n‡jv| Avgv‡`i g‚j j¶¨ wQj
mnR‡eva¨ Ges g‚jvbzM GKwU Abzev` Kiv †hUv co‡Z gvbzl Avb›` cv‡e Ges ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri QvÎ-QvÎxivI mn‡RB
ezS‡Z cvi‡e| KvRUv ïiæ K‡i †evSv †M‡jv KvRUv mnR †Zv bqB, ixwZg‡Zv `ztmvnwmK e¨vcvi Avgv‡`i Rb¨|
wb‡Riv Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡KŠk‡ji mv‡_ hz³ _vKvq cÖhzw³ welqK Ask¸‡jv †evSv Ges Abzev` Kiv †gvUvgzwU mnR
wQ‡jv| evwK As‡ki Rb¨ cov ïiæ n‡jv| Jared Diamond Gi Guns, Germs, and Steel, evsjv cwifvlvi
Rb¨ b‚iæb bvnvi †eMg I Ave`zj nvwj‡gi wZb L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ Ôgvbz‡li BwZnvmÕ, cÖvÄjZvi bgzbvi Rb¨ †`excÖmv`
P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi Ôc…w_exi BwZnvmÕ mn evsjvq I Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖKvwkZ G msµvšÍ †ek wKQz eB covi ci mvnm evoj|
Kv‡R MwZ wdi‡jv|
Abzev‡`i ïiæ †_‡KB Avgv‡`i †Póv wQj Abzev`¯Z^ ¡ cvevi| wKš,‘ gv‡V †b‡g †`Lv †M‡jv GB KvRwUI †gv‡UB mnR
bq| †jLK, cÖKvkK, Dcgnv‡`kxq G‡R›U – †KvbwKQzB ev` hvqwb| wKš‘ ev` mv‡a †`k I we‡`‡ki †mZze܇b|
†`kxq cÖKvkbxi †ckvMZ mxgve×Zv †hgb Gi KviY, †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK e¨‡qi cÖm½UvI Gwo‡q hvevi g‡Zv bv| GB
cÖK‡íi g‡a¨ w`‡q †h‡Z wM‡q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvkbv wk‡íi ˆ`b¨`kvUv AviI cÖKUfv‡e †Pv‡L c‡o| †m wb‡q Avjv`v
GKUv Aa¨vq †jLv hv‡e nq‡Zv|
hvB †nvK, GKRb cÖw_Zhkv cÖKvkK eBwU cÖKv‡k Drmvnx n‡jb Ges AbzgwZi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z PvB‡jb|
e¨w³MZ B-‡gBj †_‡K †hvMv‡hvM| DËi †bB| Avgiv Gevi gwiqv n‡q Abzev`K wn‡m‡e AbzgwZi †Póv Ki‡Z
_vwK| †jLK‡K †gBj Kwi| †jLK †_‡K G‡R›U, G‡R›U †_‡K cÖKvkK| cÖKvk‡Ki AveviI †mB K_v| evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖKvkK‡K †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z ejzb| Gi g‡a¨ `zB eQi †cwi‡q †M‡Q| Avgv‡`i Abzev` †kl K‡i Avgiv wZb `dv
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m¤úv`bv K‡iwQ ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨| A‡b‡KB bvbv civgk© w`‡q mg…× K‡i‡Qb Avgv‡`i| wKš‘ AbzgwZRwbZ
mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y cÖKv‡k GKUv LPLPvwb †_‡KB hvw”Qj g‡bi g‡a¨| cÖKvkKI AbzgwZ cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i Avi †KvbiKg
†Póv Ki‡Z Drmvnx n‡jb bv|
Gi gv‡S 2018 mv‡ji GKz‡k eB‡gjvq AšÍZ `zwU Abzev`‡K Avgiv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z †`Ljvg| †KD Abzev` wn‡m‡eB
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †KD GKUz m¤úv`bv K‡i, Z_¨ ms‡¶cb K‡i †gŠwjK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e| Avgiv GB eBwU †_‡KB Rvwb,
KwcivBU, ixwZ-bxwZ Gme gvbz‡li mvgwóK Kíbv gvÎ Ges Gm‡ei Rb¥ gvbz‡li Kj¨v‡Y| Avgv‡`i g‡b n‡q‡Q, GB
eBwU eZ©gvb mg‡qi evsjv‡`‡ki gvbz‡li Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv Lze Riæwi| †mB aviYv †_‡KB Avgv‡`i GZw`‡bi GB †Póv
Ges ZviB dmj GB Abzev`| Avgv‡`i AvšÍwiK B”Qv wQj GB Abzev`wU‡K `zB gjv‡Ui gv‡S cvV‡Ki nv‡Z Zz‡j
†`Iqvi| ejv evûj¨ †mUv Avgiv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjvg h_vh_ MÖš’¯^Z¡ msi¶Y K‡iB| wKš ‘ bvbv RwUjZvq †kl ch©šÍ
†mUv m¤¢e n‡jv bv| GB Av‡¶c iB‡jv Avgv‡`i g‡b| cÖvq wZb eQ‡ii AK¬vš Í cwikÖg Ges mxgvnxb †ivgv‡K
cvV‡Ki †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Zz‡j aivi R‡b¨B AšÍR©vjwfwËK Avgv‡`i GB cÖqvm| †Kvb †`kxq cÖKvkbx hw` MÖš’¯^Z¡mn
Abzev`wU evsjv‡`‡ki cvV‡Ki nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i A‡kl ïfKvgbv|
GLb wkíxi KvR †kl| evwKUv cvV‡Ki we‡ePbv| Avcbviv eBwUi gv‡bvbœq‡b †h †Kvb civgk© w`‡j DcK…Z n‡ev|
eBwU fv‡jv jvM‡j Avcbviv Ab¨‡`i‡K covi mz‡hvM K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ †h †KvbI mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g †kqvi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Abzev`K
‡gv¯ÍvK Avn‡g`
ïå miKvi
mzwdqvb jwZd
ivwMe Avnmvb

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K…ZÁZv
GKUv `xN© mgq a‡i GKUv wKQzi wcQ‡b kÖg w`‡q †h‡Z Kv‡Qi gvbzl‡`i Abz‡cÖiYvUv Lze †ekx cÖ‡qvRb nq| †m w`K
†_‡K Avgiv †mŠfvM¨evb| eÜzevÜe, eo fvB‡evb, mnKg©x, cwievi – Drmv‡ni KgwZ wQj bv †Kvb| mg‡q Amg‡q,
Pv‡qi Kv‡ci AvÇvq wKsev ¯‹vBc K‡j, ARmÖ mgq a‡i Av‡jvPbv mgv‡jvPbvi m½x hviv, evi evi wiwfD K‡i
fzjÎzwU awi‡q w`‡q evuPv‡jb hviv, nZvkvi Zjvwb‡Z †V‡K hvIqvi mgq¸‡jv‡Z Drmvn w`‡q GwM‡q Avm‡jb hviv –
Zv‡`i cÖwZ mxgvnxb K…ZÁZv| AMwYZ ïfvKvO&¶x‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz bvg D‡j­L bv Ki‡jB bqt

Avdixb †nv‡mb
AvwkKzi ingvb gzkwdK
wgidvZ kviwgb
ivwk`zj nvmvb ˆmKZ
ZvmwKbzi nvmvb mvwR`
‡ebRvwgb evkvi
kwn`zj Bmjvg
‡`eeÖZ `vm iweb
AvwZKzi ingvb ¯v^axb

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BwZnv‡mi w`bwjwc
mgqKvj Kx N‡UwQ‡jv
1350 †KvwU eQi c`v_© Ges kw³i D™¢e| c`v_©we`¨vi m‚Pbv| cigvYz Ges AYzi DrcwË| ïiæ n‡jv
imvqbwe`¨vi|
450 †KvwU eQi ‰Zix nj Ôc…w_exÕ|
380 †KvwU eQi cÖv‡Yi Avwef©ve| Rxewe`¨vi m‚ÎcvZ|
60 j¶ eQi gvbzl Ges wk¤úvwÄ `zR‡bi me©‡kl c‚e©cziæl‡K †`Lv hvq|
25 j¶ eQi AvwdÖKvq Avw` gvbz‡li weKvk jvf| cv_‡ii nvwZqv‡ii D™¢veb|
20 jvL eQi gvbzl AvwdÖKv †_‡K BD‡iwkqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| gvbz‡li wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Avwef©ve|
5 jvL eQi BD‡ivc Ges ga¨ cÖv‡P¨ wbqvÛv_©vj gvbzl weKvk jvf K‡i|
3 jvL eQi cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡R Av¸‡bi e¨envi|
2 jvL eQi c‚e© AvwdÖKvq AvazwbK gvbz‡li weKvk|
70 nvRvi eQi ezw×wfwËK wecøe
BwZnv‡mi ïiæ: AvazwbK gvbzl AvwdÖKv †_‡K †ei n‡q Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o|
45 nvRvi eQi gvbzl A‡óÖwjqvq ¯’vqx Avevm M‡o| †mLvbKvi Av‡Mi mg¯Í cÖvwYKzj‡K aŸsm K‡i †d‡j|
30 nvRvi eQi wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wejzwß|
16 nvRvi eQi gvbzl Av‡gwiKvq ¯’vqx Avevm M‡o †Zv‡j| Av‡gwiKvi c‚e©eZ©x cÖvY‰ewPZª¨ wejzwßi Ke‡j c‡o|
13 nvRvi eQi ‡d¬v‡iwm‡qwÝm gvbz‡li wejzwß| AvazwbK gvbzlB gvbe cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ wU‡K _vKv cÖRvwZ|
12 nvRvi eQi K…wl wecøe| Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYxi M…ncvwjZKiY| gvbz‡li GK RvqMvq ¯’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi m‚Pbv|
5 nvRvi eQi cÖ_g ivR¨, ivRZ¡, n¯wÍjwc Ges gz`Övi cÖPjb| eû-Cki¦ ev`x ev eû‡`eev`x (Polztheistic) a‡g©i
cÖPjb|
4250 eQi cÖ_g mv¤ªvR¨ mviMb Gi Av°v`xq mv¤ªv‡R¨i ïiæ|
2500 eQi cqmvi D™¢veb me©Rbxb gz`Öv e¨e¯’vi cÖPjb|
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cvim¨ (eZ©gvb Bivb) mvgÖvR¨ – Òme gvbz‡li ¯^v‡_©Ó me©Rbxb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯v’|

fvi‡Z †eŠ× a‡giÖ cÖmvi – ÒRM‡Zi mg¯Í cÖvYx `ztL-Kó †_‡K gzw³ cvKÓ GB me©Rbxb m‡Z¨ Av¯’v|
2 nvRvi eQi Px‡b nvb mvgÖv‡R¨i m‚Pbv| f‚ga¨mvMixq A‡j †ivgvb mvgÖv‡R¨i we¯Ívi| wLÖ÷a‡gi Ö AvMgb|
1400 eQi Bmjv‡gi m‚Pbv|
500 eQi ‰eÁvwbK wecøe| gvbzl Zvi AÁZv ev AbwfÁZv‡K ezS‡Z Ges bwRiwenxb kw³ AR©b Ki‡Z ïiæ
K‡i| BD‡ivcxqiv Av‡gwiKv Avi mvMi Rq Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mviv c…w_ex GKwU gvÎ HwZnvwmK ¯’v‡b cwiYZ nq|
czuwRev‡`i (capitalism) D™¢e|
200 eQi wkí wecøe| cwievi Ges m¤cÖ`vq cwiYZ nq ivóÖ Ges evRv‡i| weczj cwigvY Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi
wejzwß N‡U G mgq|
eZ©gvb mgq gvbzl c…w_exi mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q| ivmvqwbK A¯¿ gvbzl RvwZi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| cÖvYxi
ˆewkó¨ GLb Avi cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ n‡”Q bv, n‡”Q gvbz‡li ezw×`xß bKkvi (Intelligent
design) gva¨‡g|
fwel¨r mgq AvMvgxi ezw×`xß bKkvB wK gvbz‡li fwel¨r g‚jgš¿ n‡Z hv‡”Q? AvazwbK gvbz‡li RvqMv wK `Lj
K‡i wb‡e AwZgvbe (superhumans)?

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c_Ö g ce © : eyw×wfwËK wecøe
wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí wecøe
Ávbe…‡¶i †e‡o IVv
Av`g nvIqvi w`bwjwc
AMYb gvby‡li †¯ªvZ

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wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí
AvR †_‡K cÖvq mv‡o 13k †KvwU eQi Av‡M weM e¨vs (Big Bang) bv‡g cwiwPZ GK gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q
m…wó nq c`v‡_iÖ, DrcwË jvf K‡i kw³, m‚Pbv N‡U mg‡qi Avi iwPZ nq gnvk‚b¨| Áv‡bi †h kvLv gnvwek¦ m¤úwK©Z
Gme †gŠwjK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K Avgiv ewj c`v_©weÁvb|
c`v_© Ges kw³ ˆZwi nIqvi cÖvq 3 j¶ eQi ci Zviv GKwÎZ n‡q cigvYz (Atom) bv‡g GKwU RwUj KvVv‡gv
MVb K‡i| cigvYz nj †gŠ‡ji ¶z`ÖZg GKK, hv mivmwi ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡b Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| GB cigvYz¸‡jv
cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœfv‡e web¨¯ Í n‡q Av‡iv RwUj cÖK…wZi KvVv‡gvi m‚Pbv K‡i, hv AYz bv‡g cwiwPZ| cigvYz, AYz I
Zv‡`i wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi MíB n‡jv imvqb|
GiI A‡bK c‡i, AvR †_‡K cÖvq 380 †KvwU eQi Av‡M, GB gnvwe‡k¦i c…w_ex bvgK GKwU MÖ‡n wbw`©ó wKQz AYz
wgwjZ n‡q eo AvKv‡ii I Av‡iv RwUj ai‡bi we‡kl wKQz KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i| G‡`i‡K Avgiv GK K_vq ewj
ÔRxeÕ| mg¯Í RxeRMr I Zv‡`i Kvh©cÖYvjx wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h kv¯¿ Zvi bvg RxeweÁvb|
cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, mg¯Í RxeRM‡Zi gv‡S †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ (Homo sapiens) bv‡gi GKwU we‡kl cÖRvwZ
mw¤§wjZfv‡e ms¯‹…wZ (Culture) bv‡g GKwU aviYvi m‚ÎcvZ NUvq| ms‡¶‡c ej‡Z †M‡j, †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖRvwZi
e¨eüZ mKj ev¯Íe DcKiY, Lv`¨, evm¯’vb, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, Drcv`b c×wZ Ges AvPvi-AvPiY‡K GKmv‡_ ejv
nq Zvi ms¯‹…wZ| Avi †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ ev AvazwbK gvbz‡li ms¯‹…wZi µgvMZ cwieZ©‡bi Mí‡KB ejv nq BwZnvm|
wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wecøe BwZnvm‡K AvR‡Ki Ae¯’v‡b G‡b w`‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU nj ezw×wfwËK wecøe (Cognitive
revolution), hv cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbz‡li BwZnv‡mi wfwË ¯v’cb K‡i| Gici weKvk N‡U K…wlwfwËK
wecø‡ei (Agricultural Revolution), hv cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbz‡li BwZnvm‡K †`q bZzb MwZ|
me‡k‡l, gvÎ 500 eQi Av‡M m‚Pbv nq ˆeÁvwbK wecø‡ei (Scientific Revolution)| GB wecøe ivZvivwZ cv‡ë
w`‡q‡Q BwZnv‡mi MwZc_| nq‡Zv GKw`b weÁv‡bi GB wecøe gvbz‡li BwZnv‡mi BwZ †U‡b m‚Pbv Ki‡e m¤ú‚Y© bZzb
†Kv‡bv hz‡Mi| GB eB‡q Avgiv GB wZb wecø‡ei cÖfv‡e gvbzl Ges RxeRM‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i cv‡ë hvevi
MíUvB Rvbvi †Póv Kie|
ezw×wfwËK wecø‡ei A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB A_©vr BwZnv‡mi m‚Pbvi eû Av‡M †_‡KB c…w_ex‡Z gvbz‡li wePiY wQj|
AvazwbK gvbz‡li g‡Zv ezw×gvb cÖvYxi cÖ_g Avwef©ve N‡U cÖvq 25 j¶ eQi Av‡M| Gi Av‡M nvRvi nvRvi cÖRb¥ a‡i
gvbz‡li c‚e©cziæ‡liv Ab¨ `kUv mvaviY cÖvYxi g‡ZvB Rxeb hvcb K‡i G‡m‡Q| Zv‡`i wQj bv nvwZi gZ wekvj
AvKvi-AvK…wZ, Avjv`v K‡i †Pbvi g‡Zv cÖLi ezw×gËv wKsev Lv`¨k…•L‡j GKK †Kv‡bv AvwacZ¨|
20 j¶ eQi Av‡Mi c‚e© AvwdÖKvi †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g nvuU‡Z †e‡iv‡j gvbz‡li Pwi‡Îi wPi‡Pbv iƒcUvB nq‡Zv Avcbvi
†Pv‡L coZ| Avcwb †`L‡Zb †QvU ev”Pv‡`i ez‡K AvM‡j ivLv DwØMœ gv‡K Avi Kv‡Qwc‡VB †Ljvazjvq †g‡Z _vKv
†QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i| †`L‡Z †c‡Zb mgv‡Ri wbqg fvOv mvnmx ZiæY‡`i wKsev Ggb me ez‡ov‡`i hviv evwK RxebUv
†Kv‡bviK‡g kvwšÍ‡Z KvUv‡Z cvi‡jB Lzwk| nq‡Zv †`L‡Zb kvixwiK kw³ ev exiZ¡ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g mz›`ix bvixi gb
†fvjv‡Z e¨¯Í wKQz hzeK‡K Avi Rxebfi GB mewKQz †`‡L Avmv †Kv‡bv meRvšÍv, AkxwZci e…×v‡KI| GB cÖvPxb
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