Sandstone: Geochemistry, Uses and Environmental Impact

318 Pages·2013·6.644 MB·English

by  Afsoon Moatari Kazerouni

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS

S
ANDSTONE

G , U
EOCHEMISTRY SES
E I
AND NVIRONMENTAL MPACT

No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no
expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information
contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.
G M R
EOLOGY AND INERALOGY ESEARCH
D
EVELOPMENTS

Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website
under the Series tab.

Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website
under the e-book tab.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS

S
ANDSTONE

G , U
EOCHEMISTRY SES
E I
AND NVIRONMENTAL MPACT

AFSOON MOATARI KAZEROUNI
EDITOR

New York
Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher.

For permission to use material from this book please contact us:
Telephone [phone]; Fax [phone]
Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com

NOTICE TO THE READER
The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or
implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of
information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special,
consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or
reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated
and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works.

Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in
this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage
to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise
contained in this publication.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the
subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not
engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A
DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.

Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sandstone : geochemistry, uses and environmental impact / [edited by] Afsoon Moatari Kazerouni
(Geology Department, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark).
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:28) (eBook)
1. Sandstone. I. Kazerouni, Afsoon Moatari, editor of compilation.
QE471.15.S25S247 2013
552'.5--dc23
2013039447

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii 
Chapter 1 Sandstone Minerals As Indicators of Helium Residence Time
in a Rock: Ground Water System 1 
M. Gannibal and I. Tolstikhin 
Chapter 2 Water Imbibition into Sandstones: Influence of Flow Rate
on Water Distribution and Acoustic Response 37 
Sofia Lopes, Maxim Lebedev and Tobias M. Müller 
Chapter 3 Effective Thermal Conductivity of Dry and Fluid-Saturated
Sandstones at High Temperatures and High Pressures:
Review of the Experimental Methods and Modeling 65 
Zumrud Z. Abdulagatova, Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov
and Aziz I. Abdulagatov 
Chapter 4 Diagenetic Chlorite: Example of an Intra Sandstone Reservoir
Seal – From Palaeocene Tyr Member Sandstone,
Siri Canyon, Danish North Sea 253 
A. M. Kazerouni, H. Friis and J. P. V. Hansen 
Chapter 5 The Effect of Burial on Clay Mineral Diagenesis and Quartz
Cementation in Mudstones: Examples from the Siri
Canyon, Danish North Sea 271 
A. M. Kazerouni, H. Friis, J. B. Svendsen
and O. B. Nielsen 
Editor's Contact Information 297
Index 299

PREFACE

The book "Sandstone: Geochemistry, Uses and Environmental Impact" provides a broad
perspective of research interests center around environmental geochemistry, and coupling of
geologic, and geochemistry in sandstones.
The book describes the pathways by which potentialy minerals can access and
concentrarte and reviews the different environmental assessment monitoring samples.
Consideration is given to existing remediation methodologies and those being researched.
Finally, the book reviews the importance of geochemical modeling in describing and
predicting the interaction between the sandstone geochemistry and environment and
emphasizes how preplanning during project studies can result in incorporation of technologies
which will greatly impact the environment.
Topics are related to geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems as
geochemistry has contributed significantly to the understanding of ground-water systems and
analytical tecnicques used. Water imbibition is fundamental to waterflood performance in low
permeability reservoir rocks. Since measuring the thermal properties of rocks and rock-fluid
systems is difficult and time consuming and the results from such measurements are of
limited value unless complete descriptions of the rock and fluids are given. A need exists for
a method of predicting thermal behavior from other more easily measurable properties.
Presented here are correlations developed for predicting the thermal conductivity of
consolidated sandstones from knowledge of density, porosity, permeability, and formation
resistivity factor are discussed. The breath of the topics covered will be of interest to
researchers and practicing engineers alike. This book contains three chapters. A brief
description of each chapter follows.
The first chapter is devoted to the problems of Sandstone Minerals as Indicators of
Helium Residence Time in a Rock - Ground Water System.
Several fundamental and applied problems require quantification of slow rates of solute
transport in quasi-stagnant ground and pore water. Helium appears to be a promising tracer
for ancient ground waters.
In this review a new method is discussed, which allows quantifying the He inventory in a
rock - pore water system based on mineral records and constraining the He residence time in
this system. This new method is based on investigations of rock, mineral and ground water
samples from the alternating shale - sandstone sequence of the Permo-Carboniferous Trough,
Northern Switzerland.
viii Afsoon Moatari Kazerouni
The second chapter presents the state of the art of Water Imbibition into Sandstones:
Influence of Flow Rate on Water Distribution and Acoustic Response.
Fluid injection into a porous medium in order to displace another fluid is a common
procedure while dealing with the recovery of subsurface fluids.
The seismic method has been widely used to image underground structures and,
consequently, map reservoirs. More specifically, the time-lapse method consists in acquiring
successive 3D seismic data of the same area over a period of time using acoustic sensors
arrays.
The aim of the experimental work is to observe changes in seismic signals resulting from
changes in the acoustic impedance. Since the acoustic impedance is the product of velocity
and density, time-lapse signals are affected by the compressibilities of the reservoir rock and
of pore fluids. This acoustic monitoring is also the basis to track saturation front
displacements.
The interaction of seismic waves with the fluid-rock system is complex and complicates
the interpretation of time-lapse signals. In order to better understand this interaction,
experiments at laboratory scale were performed.
The third chapter presents experimental results and assesses the Effective Thermal
Conductivity of Dry- and Fluid-Saturated Sandstones at High Temperatures and High
Pressures. Review of the Experimental Methods and Modeling.
Available sources of data for the effective thermal conductivity of dry and fluid (gas,
water, and oil)–saturated sandstones at high temperatures and high pressures have been
collected and evaluated.
A comprehensive review of the different contact and contact-free measurement
techniques used to accurately measure of the thermal conductivity of sandstones from various
regions of the world were provided.
The uncertainties of each methods and their advantages and disadvantages were
discussed.
The review also provides a detailed overview of the fundamentals of the authors own
results on thermal conductivity measurements of dry and fluid-saturated sandstones from
various locations.
The fourth chapter demonstrates Diagenetic Chlorite: Example of an Intra Sandstone
Resevoir Seal – From Palaeocene Tyr Member Sandstone, Siri Canyon, Danish North Sea.
The study suggests the conditions for formation of an intra-formational chlorite seal and
relates its possible formation to high-porosity/high-permeability zones of the reservoir. The
study suggests that the formation of an intra-sandstone seal of diagenetic chlorite relates to
the distribution of early diagenetic microquartz (which preserve porosity and permeability),
and early diagenetic chlorite which reduces the permeability.
The fifth chapter document the diagenetic steps which release silica and to and quantify
the possible timing of silica export from the shale into neighboring sandstones.
A major issue in the study is The Effect of Burial on Clay Mineral Diagenesis and Quartz
Cementation in Mudstones-Examples from the Siri Canyon, Danish North Sea.
This study explores the potential sources of SiO in the shale, and the timing of their
2
active phases. The primary sources of silica during the diagenesis of the Sele Shale are
biogenic opal and volcanic ash.
Finally, let me conclude this preface by thanking all the authors who have contributed to
the realization of this book, without their unfailing support this project would not have even