Sams Teach Yourself Apache 2 in 24 Hours

490 Pages·2002·3.6 MB·English

by  Daniel Lopez Ridruejo

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Daniel López Ridruejo
Ian Kallen
Teach Yourself
Apache 2
24
in Hours
800 East 96th St.,Indianapolis,Indiana,4624 0 USA
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Sams Teach Yourself Apache 2 ACQUISITIONSEDITOR
Shelley Johnston
in 24 Hours
DEVELOPMENTEDITOR
Copyright © 2002 by Sams Publishing Heather Goodell
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced,stored in a MANAGINGEDITOR
retrieval system,or transmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photo- Charlotte Clapp
copying,recording,or otherwise,without written permission from the pub-
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lisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information
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contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation
of this book,the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or COPYEDITOR
omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of Michael Henry
the information contained herein.
INDEXER
International Standard Book Number:0-67232-355-9 Mandie Frank
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:2001096489 PROOFREADER
Bob LaRoche
Printed in the United States of America
TECHNICALEDITOR
First Printing:June 2002
Patrik Grip-Jansson
05 04 03 02 4 3 2 1 Allan Liska
Trademarks TEAMCOORDINATOR
Amy Patton
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the INTERIORDESIGNER
accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded Gary Adair
as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. COVERDESIGNER
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Warning and Disclaimer
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Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as
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possible,but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on
an “as is”basis. The author(s) and the publisher shall have neither liability nor
responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages aris-
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Contents at a Glance
Foreword xx
Introduction 1
PART I Basic Apache 5
Hour 1 Apache and the Web 7
2 Understanding Apache Internals 23
3 Installing and Building Apache 37
4 Getting Started with Apache 53
5 Using Apache to Serve Static Conten 71
6 Serving Dynamic Content with CGI 87
7 Restricting Access 107
8 Logging and Monitoring 125
9 Content Negotiation and Environment Variables 143
10 Apache GUIs 155
PART II Advanced Apache 171
Hour 11 Multi-Processing Modules 173
12 Filtering Modules 189
13 Publishing Extensions 203
14 Virtual Hosting 217
15 Apache as a Proxy Server 233
16 Tuning Apache 249
17 Setting Up a Secure Server 263
PART III Extending Apache 283
Hour 18 Extending Apache 285
19 PHP 301
20 mod_perl 323
21 Tomcat and Apache 347
22 Dynamic URI Resolution with mod_rewrite 371
23 Migrating to Apache 2.0 387
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24 Additional Apache Modules and Projects 399
A The Apache Software License 411
Index 413
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Contents
Introduction 1
PART I Basic Apache 5
HOUR 1 Apache and the Web 7
Internet Protocols ....................................................................................................7
TCP/IP ..............................................................................................................8
DNS ..................................................................................................................9
HTTP ..............................................................................................................10
URL ................................................................................................................10
SSL ..................................................................................................................11
HTTP Internals ....................................................................................................11
Do It Yourself HTTP ............................................................................................14
Web Servers History ............................................................................................15
How It All Got Started ....................................................................................15
Apache ............................................................................................................16
Apache Software Foundation ..........................................................................17
Apache Considerations ........................................................................................17
Advantages of Apache ....................................................................................17
Disadvantages ..................................................................................................20
Summary ..............................................................................................................21
Q&A ......................................................................................................................21
Further Reading ....................................................................................................22
HOUR 2 Understanding Apache Internals 23
Evolution of the Web ............................................................................................23
Apache Architecture ............................................................................................24
Multi-Processing Modules ..............................................................................25
Additional MPMs ............................................................................................27
MPM Selection and Compatibility ..................................................................27
Hooks ....................................................................................................................28
Multi-Protocol Support ........................................................................................28
Content-Handling Modules ..................................................................................29
Connector Modules ..............................................................................................29
Filters ....................................................................................................................30
Access/Authentication/Authorization Modules ....................................................30
Apache Portable Runtime ....................................................................................31
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vi Sams Teach Yourself Apache 2 in 24 Hours
A Day in the Life of a Request ............................................................................32
Apache Startup ................................................................................................33
Request Process ..............................................................................................33
Checking for Hooks ........................................................................................33
Summary ..............................................................................................................34
Q&A ......................................................................................................................34
Quiz ......................................................................................................................35
Quiz Answers ........................................................................................................35
Further Reading ....................................................................................................35
HOUR 3 Installing and Building Apache 37
Choosing the Appropriate Installation Method ....................................................37
Building from Source ......................................................................................38
Installing a Binary ..........................................................................................38
Apache Version Naming ..................................................................................38
Installing Apache on Unix ....................................................................................39
Checking Whether Apache Is Already Installed in Your System ....................39
Installing from Source ....................................................................................40
Installing Binaries ............................................................................................43
Building from CVS ........................................................................................44
Installing Apache on Windows ............................................................................45
Notes About the Windows Installer ................................................................48
Verifying the Integrity of Downloaded Software ................................................48
Commercial Alternatives ......................................................................................48
Summary ..............................................................................................................49
Q&A ......................................................................................................................49
Quiz ......................................................................................................................50
Quiz Answers ........................................................................................................50
Further Reading ....................................................................................................50
HOUR 4 Getting Started with Apache 53
Layout of Server Files and Directories ................................................................53
Apache Binary and Support Scripts ................................................................54
Log Files ..........................................................................................................54
Configuration Files ..........................................................................................54
CGI Scripts Location ......................................................................................55
Build Information and Header Files ................................................................55
Error Messages ................................................................................................55
Manual Pages ..................................................................................................55
Modules and Libraries Directory ....................................................................55
Web Pages and Images ....................................................................................55
Installation Differences ..................................................................................55
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Contents vii
Configuration Files Structure ..............................................................................56
Directives ........................................................................................................56
Containers ........................................................................................................58
Conditional Evaluation ....................................................................................59
ServerRoot ..................................................................................................60
Including Additional Configuration Files ......................................................60
Per-Directory Configuration Files ..................................................................60
Merging Rules ................................................................................................61
Additional Configuration Files ........................................................................62
Minimal Apache Configuration ......................................................................62
Log Files ..............................................................................................................63
access_log....................................................................................................63
error_log ......................................................................................................63
Additional Files ..............................................................................................64
Apache-Related Commands ................................................................................64
Apache Server Binary ....................................................................................64
Controlling Apache on Windows ....................................................................65
Apache Control Script ....................................................................................66
Starting Apache for the First Time ......................................................................66
Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................67
Already Existing Web Server ..........................................................................67
No Permission to Bind to Port ........................................................................68
Access Denied ................................................................................................68
Wrong Group Settings ....................................................................................68
Summary ..............................................................................................................68
Q&A ......................................................................................................................69
Quiz ......................................................................................................................69
Quiz Answers ........................................................................................................69
Related Directives ................................................................................................69
Further Reading ....................................................................................................70
HOUR 5 Using Apache to Serve Static Content 71
Addresses,Ports,and Server Names ....................................................................71
TheServerNameDirective ..................................................................................72
Customizing the Web Server ................................................................................73
Error Messages ................................................................................................73
Customizing Server Information ....................................................................75
Aliasing and Mapping of Resources ....................................................................76
URL Redirection ..................................................................................................77
MIME Types ........................................................................................................78
Defining MIME Types ....................................................................................78
MIME Magic ..................................................................................................79
TheForceTypeDirective ..............................................................................79
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viii Sams Teach Yourself Apache 2 in 24 Hours
Content Handlers ..................................................................................................80
Directory Listings ................................................................................................80
Default Document Index ................................................................................80
Directory Indexing ..........................................................................................81
Forbidding Directory Access ..........................................................................82
Trailing Slash ..................................................................................................82
Icons for Bookmarks ............................................................................................83
Summary ..............................................................................................................83
Q&A ......................................................................................................................84
Quiz ......................................................................................................................84
Quiz Answers ........................................................................................................84
Related Directives ................................................................................................84
Listening and Hostname ..................................................................................84
Customization ..................................................................................................85
Site Structure ..................................................................................................85
Directory Listings ............................................................................................85
MIME and File Handlers ................................................................................85
Further Reading ....................................................................................................85
HOUR 6 Serving Dynamic Content with CGI 87
Common Gateway Interface ................................................................................87
CGI Protocol ....................................................................................................88
CGI Operation ................................................................................................88
CGI Environment Variables ............................................................................88
CGI Response ..................................................................................................89
Advantages and Disadvantages of CGI Scripts ....................................................89
Portability ........................................................................................................89
Simplicity ........................................................................................................90
Existing Code ..................................................................................................90
Source Hiding ..................................................................................................90
Memory Leaks ................................................................................................90
Performance ....................................................................................................90
Code and Presentation ....................................................................................91
Configuring Apache ..............................................................................................91
CGI Content ....................................................................................................91
CGI Security ....................................................................................................93
Non Parse Headers (NPH) Scripts ..................................................................94
Debugging CGI Execution ..............................................................................94
Unix Configuration ..............................................................................................94
Testing Shell Script CGIs ................................................................................94
Perl Installation ................................................................................................95
Testing Perl CGI Scripts ..................................................................................96
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Contents ix
Windows Configuration ........................................................................................97
Testing Batch File CGIs ..................................................................................97
Perl on Windows ............................................................................................97
Enhancing Your CGI Performance ....................................................................100
mod_perl ....................................................................................................100
FastCGI ..........................................................................................................100
Common CGI Problems ....................................................................................101
Forbidden Error ............................................................................................101
Internal Server Error ......................................................................................101
Source Code in the Browser ..........................................................................103
Summary ............................................................................................................103
Q&A ....................................................................................................................103
Quiz ....................................................................................................................104
Quiz Answers ......................................................................................................104
Related Directives ..............................................................................................104
Associating Resources as CGI ......................................................................104
Debugging and mod_cgid ..........................................................................104
Further Reading ..................................................................................................105
HOUR 7 Restricting Access 107
Authentication ....................................................................................................107
Client Authentication ..........................................................................................108
User Management ..........................................................................................109
Apache Authentication Modules ........................................................................109
Common Functionality ..................................................................................109
Module Functionality ....................................................................................110
File-Based Authentication ............................................................................111
Database File-Based Access Control ............................................................113
Digest-Based Authentication ........................................................................114
Additional Authentication Modules ..............................................................116
Access Control ....................................................................................................116
Access Rules ..................................................................................................116
Access Rules Evaluation ..............................................................................117
Combining Access Methods ..............................................................................119
Limiting Access Based on HTTP Methods ........................................................119
Summary ............................................................................................................120
Q&A ....................................................................................................................120
Quiz ....................................................................................................................121
Quiz Answers ......................................................................................................121
Related Directives ..............................................................................................122
Common Authentication ................................................................................122
File-Based Authentication ............................................................................122