SaltwaterSlavery Saltwater Slavery - A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora - stephanie e. smallwood - HarvardUniversityPress Cambridge,Massachusetts London,England Copyright©2007bythePresidentand FellowsofHarvardCollege Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica FirstHarvardUniversityPresspaperbackedition,2008. Figures3.1,3.2,5.1,and6.1arereproducedcourtesyofthe NationalArchivesofEngland,Wales,andtheUnitedKingdom. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Smallwood,StephanieE. Saltwaterslavery : amiddlepassagefromAfricatoAmerican diaspora / StephanieE.Smallwood. p. cm. Includesbibliograpicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-674-02349-9(cloth:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-674-03068-8(pbk.) 1.Slavery—UnitedStates—History—17thcentury. 2.Slavery—UnitedStates—History—18thcentury. 3.Slaves—UnitedStates—Socialconditions—17thcentury. 4.Slaves—UnitedStates—Socialconditions—18thcentury. 5.Slavetrade—UnitedStates—History—17thcentury. 6.Slavetrade—UnitedStates—History—18thcentury. 7.Slavetrade—Africa—History—17thcentury. 8.Slavetrade—Africa—History—18thcentury. 9.Africandiaspora. 10.Africans—Migration— History. I.Title. E441.S65 2007 306.3(cid:2)62097309034—dc22 2006043511 ForJohnW.Blassingame 1940–2000 withgratitudeforhisgreatgenerosityofmindandheart Contents Introduction 1 1 TheGoldCoastandtheAtlanticMarketinPeople 9 2 TurningAfricanCaptivesintoAtlanticCommodities 33 3 ThePoliticalEconomyoftheSlaveShip 65 4 TheAnomalousIntimaciesoftheSlaveCargo 101 5 TheLivingDeadaboardtheSlaveShipatSea 122 6 TurningAtlanticCommoditiesintoAmericanSlaves 153 7 LifeandDeathinDiaspora 182 Notes 209 Acknowledgments 257 Index 263
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