Salt Systems of the Earth: Distribution, Tectonic and Kinematic History, Salt-Naphthids Interrelations, Discharge Foci, Recycling

698 Pages·2019·17.853 MB·English

by  Galina Belenitskaya

Salt Systems of the Earth
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Salt Systems of the Earth
Distribution, Tectonic and Kinematic
History, Salt-Naphthids Interrelations,
Discharge Foci, Recycling
Galina Belenitskaya
This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title
is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley prod-
ucts visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no rep-
resentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and
specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-
ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa-
tives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization,
website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further informa-
tion does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organiza-
tion, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist
where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared
between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-47905-5
Cover image: Dead Sea Salt
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
Dedication
To my beloved son Oleg is dedicated
Abstract
Book’s main subject is a systemic study of world salt bearing basins. It
includes geological-tectonic review, analysis of tectonic and kinematic pat-
terns of their positioning, structure and evolution, estimate of the nature
and scale of the salt recycling processes, kinematic associations between
salts and hydrocarbons. The study is based on a critical analysis of the pub-
lished materials and author's own researchs. The author applied integrated
approaches and methods of the modern sedimentary geology analyses
types.
The analysis uncovered features of the salt basins’ neo-geodynamic
position, trends in their paleo-geodynamic evolution and patterns of
space-time distribution. Salt bodies are classified by their kinematic fea-
tures. The specifics of placement, morphology and tectonic evolution for
different groups of bodies are reviewed. Special emphasis is made on a
description of allochthonous salt nappes. For the first time is shown the
significance of injection and injection-depositional processes in the salt
and oil ontogenesis.
The author made a number of important conclusions regarding the pat-
terns of tectonic evolution and general trends of morpho-kinetic evolution
of salt bodies in the subsurface, showed the role of salts and naphthides
recycling (their rebirth or regeneration) in their tectonic and kinematic
history. A description of benchmark salt-naphthide objects as the cen-
ters of a recycling salt- and oil-accumulation is given. Their examples are
used for a discussion and substantiation of genetic conclusions. As bench-
mark, the next objects of various geodynamic type and different scale are
reviewed: salt-naftide belts along the margins of young oceans; the Mexican
salt-petroleum «reactor», the Mediterranean salt bearing super-giant with
the well-known Messinian events and paradoxes; the small oil-salt node
Dead Sea. Also reviewed are various forecast and exploration aspects of
the application of established tectonic and kinematic interconnections
between the salt and hydrocarbons.
The book intended for scientists and field geologists, experts in theory
and practice of salt geology, salt and petroleum geology, salt tectonics,
geoecology and in a number of general issues of basin analysis, tectonics,
vii
viii Abstract
fluid-geodynamics, hydro-geochemistry, etc. It can contribute to the fore-
cast of oil and gas potential. The study results may be useful for professors,
postgraduates and students.
Keywords: Salt bearing basin, Salt tectonics, allochthonous salt
nappe, kinematic evolution, injection, salt dome basin, salt recycling,
Mediterranean basin, Messinian events, Mexican basin, Dead Sea,
naphthide pools, hydrogen sulfide hydrocarbons.
This researchs were carried out at the Russian Geological Research Institute
(VSEGEI, St. Petersburg, Russia). They were supported by the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation and the
Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects Nos. 03-05- 65100-a,
07-05-00907-a, 10-05-00555-a, 10-05-11523-d, 12-05-00513-d).
The author will be pleased to accept any comments and suggestions by
e-mail: [email protected]
Address: Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prosp.,
74; St.Petersburg, 199106, Russia.
Contents
Abstract vii
Introduction 1
PART 1 Salts in Earth’s Crust: Composition, Tectonic and
Kinematic History, Salt-Naphthide Parakinesis 11
1 Geological-Tectonic Review of World Salt-Bearing Basins 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Salt-Bearing Basins of Eurasia 25
1.2.1 Geotectonic and Mineragenic Review 25
1.2.2 Brief Geological-Mineragenic Description
of the Largest Salt-Bearing Basins 31
1.2.2.1 Salt-Bearing Basins of Europe 31
1.2.2.2 Asian Salt-Bearing Basins 72
1.3 Salt-Bearing Basin of North America 105
1.3.1 Geotectonic and Mineragenic Review 105
1.3.2 Brief Geological-Mineragenic Description
of the Largest Salt-Bearing Basins 107
1.4 Salt-Bearing Basins of South America 128
1.4.1 Geotectonic and Mineragenic Review 128
1.4.2 Brief Geological-Mineragenic Description
of the Largest Salt-Bearing Basins 129
1.5 Salt-Bearing Basins of Africa and Arabia 136
1.5.1 Geotectonic and Mineragenic Review 136
1.5.2 Brief Geological-Mineragenic Description
of the Largest Salt-Bearing Basins 138
1.6 Salt-Bearing Basins of Australia 154
1.6.1 Geotectonic and Mineragenic Review 154
1.6.2 Brief Geological-Mineragenic Description
of the Largest Salt-Bearing Basins 156
1.7 Conclusion 162
ix
x Contents
2 Historical-Geodynamic Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal
Distribution of the World’s Salt-Bearing Basins 163
2.1 Introduction 163
2.2 Fundamentals of the Geodynamic Analysis 164
2.2.1 Terminology 165
2.2.2 Geodynamic Classification 166
2.2.3 Geodynamic Types of Salt-Bearing Basins, their
Diagnostic Indications and Lithogeodynamic
Models 171
2.3 On the Preservation of Salt Bodies and Information
Value of the Geologic Record 175
2.4 Neo-Geodynamic Salt-Bearing Basins of the World 177
2.4.1 Overview and Analysis 177
2.4.2 The General Picture of Placing Neo-Geodynamic
Salt-Bearing Basins in the Recent Kinematic
Structure of Earth (Analysis Results) 198
2.5 Geodynamic History of the Salt Accumulation 201
2.6 Patterns in the Geodynamic Placement of
Salt-Bearing Basins 213
2.6.1 Salt Accumulation Periodicity 213
2.6.2 Orderliness in the Spatial Placement of
Salt-Bearing Objects 214
2.6.3 Regional Features of the Salt-Bearing
Objects’ Age Distribution 215
2.6.4 Geodynamic “Specialization” of Salt
Accumulation Epochs 218
2.6.5 Geochemical “Specialization” of Salt
Accumulation Epochs 219
2.6.6 Inheritance in the Placement of
Salt-Bearing Objects 220
2.7 Conclusions 222
3 Kinematic History of the Salts in Earth’s Crust 227
3.1 Morpho-Kinematic Groups of Salt Bodies 227
3.2 Salt Bodies of the Salt-Tectonic Group 229
3.3 Salt Bodies of the Orthotectonic Group 236
3.3.1 Salt Behavior Under Conditions of Active
Tectonics 236
3.3.2 Morphotectonic Features of Salt Bodies in the
Nappe-Folded Areas 239
3.3.3 The Salt Prevalence in Folded Areas of
Various Ages 242