Salmon Lice: An Integrated Approach to Understanding Parasite Abundance and Distribution

359 Pages·2011·24.73 MB·English

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Salmon Lice
An Integrated Approach to Understanding
Parasite Abundance and Distribution
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK
BLBS084-FM BLBS084-Beamish July12,2011 12:5 Trim:244mm×172mm
Salmon Lice
An Integrated Approach to Understanding
Parasite Abundance and Distribution
Edited by
Simon Jones
Richard Beamish
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Salmonlice:anintegratedapproachtounderstandingparasiteabundanceanddistribution/editedby
RichardBeamish,SimonJones.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-8138-1362-2(hardcover:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-8138-1362-X
1.Lepeophtheirussalmonis. 2.Lepeophtheirussalmonis–Control. 3.Lepeophtheirussalmonis–
Geographicaldistribution. I.Beamish,Richard. II.Jones,Simon.
QL444.C79S252011
639.3(cid:2)756–dc23
2011016564
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:ePDF9780470961537;
WileyOnlineLibrary9780470961568;ePub9780470961544;Mobi9780470961551
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1 2011
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Contents
ListofContributors vii
ForewordbyBobKabata xi
Preface xiii
Introduction:Lepeophtheirussalmonis—ARemarkableSuccessStory 1
CraigJ.Hayward,MelanieAndrews,andBarbaraF.Nowak
PartI: TheDistributionandAbundanceofPlanktonicLarvalStagesof
Lepeophtheirussalmonis:SurveillanceandModeling
Chapter1. ModelingtheDistributionandAbundanceofPlanktonicLarval
StagesofLepeophtheirussalmonisinNorway 31
LarsAsplin,KarinK.Boxaspen,andAnneD.Sandvik
Chapter2. AbundanceandDistributionofLarvalSeaLiceinScottish
CoastalWaters 51
AlexanderG.Murray,TrishL.Amundrud,MichaelJ.Penston,
CampbellC.Pert,andStuartJ.Middlemas
Chapter3. SeaLouseAbundanceonFarmedSalmonintheSouthwestern
NewBrunswickAreaoftheBayofFundy 83
BlytheD.Chang,FredH.Page,MichaelJ.Beattie,and
BarryW.H.Hill
Chapter4. ModelingSeaLiceProductionandConcentrationsinthe
BroughtonArchipelago,BritishColumbia 117
DarioJ.Stucchi,MingGuo,MichaelG.G.Foreman,PiotrCzajko,
MoiraGalbraith,DavidL.Mackas,andPhilipA.Gillibrand
PartII: SalmonLouseManagementonFarmedSalmon
Chapter5: SalmonLouseManagementonFarmedSalmon—Norway 153
GordonRitchieandKarinK.Boxaspen
Chapter6: Ireland:TheDevelopmentofSeaLiceManagementMethods 177
DavidJackson
Chapter7: SalmonLouseManagementonFarmedSalmoninScotland 205
CrawfordW.Revie
Chapter8: SeaLiceManagementonSalmonFarmsinBritish
Columbia,Canada 235
SonjaM.Saksida,DianeMorrison,MarkSheppard,andIanKeith
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vi Contents
PartIII: SalmonLiceonWildSalmonidsinCoastalZones:PresentStatus
andImplications
Chapter9: PresentStatusandImplicationsofSalmonLiceonWildSalmonids
inNorwegianCoastalZones 281
BengtFinstadandPa˚lArneBjørn
Chapter10: LepeophtheirussalmonisonSalmonidsintheNortheast
PacificOcean 307
SimonR.M.JonesandRichardJ.Beamish
Index 331
Colorplatesappearbetweenpages50and51.
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List of Contributors
TrishL.Amundrud
MarineScotlandScience
MarineLaboratory
Aberdeen,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
MelanieAndrews
KinkiUniversity
FisheriesResearchLaboratory
Kushimoto,Wakayama,Japan
LarsAsplin
InstituteofMarineResearch
Bergen,Norway
RichardJ.Beamish
PacificBiologicalStation
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Nanaimo,BritishColumbia,Canada
MichaelJ.Beattie
NewBrunswickDepartmentofAgriculture,AquacultureandFisheries
St.George,NewBrunswick,Canada
Pa˚lArneBjørn
InstituteofMarineResearch
Bergen,Norway
KarinK.Boxaspen
InstituteofMarineResearch
Bergen,Norway
BlytheD.Chang
St.AndrewsBiologicalStation
St.Andrews,NewBrunswick,Canada
PiotrCzajko
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
UniversityofVictoria
Victoria,BritishColumbia,Canada
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viii ListofContributors
BengtFinstad
NorwegianInstituteforNatureResearch
Trondheim,Norway
MichaelG.G.Foreman
InstituteofOceanSciences
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Sidney,BritishColumbia,Canada
MoiraGalbraith
InstituteofOceanSciences
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Sidney,BritishColumbia,Canada
PhilipA.Gillibrand
NationalInstituteforWater&AtmosphericResearch
Christchurch,NewZealand
MingGuo
InstituteofOceanSciences
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Sidney,BritishColumbia,Canada
CraigJ.Hayward
TohokuUniversity
InstituteforInternationalEducation
Sendai,Miyagi,Japan
BarryW.H.Hill
NewBrunswickDepartmentofAgricultureandAquaculture
St.George,NewBrunswick,Canada
DavidJackson
MarineInstitute
Galway,Ireland
SimonR.M.Jones
PacificBiologicalStation
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Nanaimo,BritishColumbia,Canada
IanKeith
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Courtenay,BritishColumbia,Canada
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ListofContributors ix
DavidL.Mackas
InstituteofOceanSciences
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Sidney,BritishColumbia,Canada
StuartJ.Middlemas
MarineScotlandScience
FreshwaterLaboratory
Faskally,Pitlochry,Scotland
DianeMorrison
MarineHarvestCanada
CampbellRiver,BritishColumbia,Canada
AlexanderG.Murray
MarineScotlandScience
MarineLaboratory
Aberdeen,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
BarbaraF.Nowak
UniversityofTasmania
NationalCentreforMarineConservationandResourcesSustainability
Launceston,Tasmania,Australia
FredH.Page
St.AndrewsBiologicalStation
St.Andrews,NewBrunswick,Canada
MichaelJ.Penston
MarineScotlandScience
MarineLaboratory
Aberdeen,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
CampbellC.Pert
MarineScotlandScience
MarineLaboratory
Aberdeen,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
CrawfordW.Revie
UniversityofStrathclyde
Glasgow,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
GordonRitchie
MarineHarvestTechnicalCentre
Stavanger,Norway
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x ListofContributors
SonjaM.Saksida
BritishColumbiaCentreforAquaticHealthSciences
CampbellRiver,BritishColumbia,Canada
AnneD.Sandvik
InstituteofMarineResearch
Bergen,Norway
MarkSheppard
FisheriesandOceansCanada
Courtenay,BritishColumbia,Canada
DarioJ.Stucchi
InstituteofOceanSciences
Sidney,BritishColumbia,Canada
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Foreword
Eversincehumansemergedintheprimordialpastasadistinctspecies,theysustained
theirpopulationsinthemannerthatwereferredtoashuntergatherers.Inshort,they
lived as best they could, by utilizing what nature could provide. This was sufficient
for as long as the human populations were small enough to survive on the stores of
naturalproducts,bothplantandanimal.Asthepopulationsincreasedinsize,thisway
of providing the necessities of life was no longer satisfactory. The hunter gatherers
slowlybecamefarmers.Speciesofusefulanimals,toomanytomentionthemall,were
domesticated. Plants providing staple food were planted and harvested. Even some
freshwaterfish,abletobeconfinedinsmall-scaleenvironments,werecultivated.
Onlyonebranchofthisgeneraldevelopmentremainedoutsidethescopeofchange:
marinefisheries.Letusfaceit:marinefishermenarethelastsurvivorsofthehunting
gatheringeconomy.Physicallybarredfromtheenvironmentinhabitedbythespecies
theyhuntandgather,facedwiththeenormoussizeofthatenvironment,theypursue
the object of their hunt in the manner still akin to the old hit-and-miss way of their
ancestors. Their methods have vastly improved, and their hunts began to provide
trulybountifulreturns.SomeRussianexpertsestimatedthatmarinefisheriesyielded
annuallyasmuchas100,000tonsoffishduringthelastfewdecades.
This kind of drain on the resource could not continue indefinitely. It had to be
reduced,ifthestocksofmarinefishweretosurvive.Slowly,thelarge,long-distance
fishing fleets began to disappear, and restrictions on the size of catches had to be
introduced.Finally,theinevitablehappened.Thefirstattemptsatmarinefishfarming
cameintobeing.Salmonfarmsarrivedatthescene.
As might have been expected, the initiation of husbandry, in addition to obvious
benefits, brought with it a range of problems and controversies. Husbandry creates
high-densitypopulationsofthehusbandedspecies.Interactionsofindividualsinsuch
populationsfacilitateexchangesbetweenthem,includingthespreadofdiseasesand
parasites. Such effects have not been unknown in dense populations of husbanded
landanimals.Salmonfarmsarenotexempt.Densepopulationsoffarmedsalmonare
plagued with a number of parasites, the most notorious of which is a so-called sea
louse, a caligid copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis, capableof reaching high intensity
andprevalenceofinfection.
The farms are not isolated. They occupy limited parts of the environment, which
theysharewiththewildpopulationsofthesamespecies.Consequently,theyinevitably
passonL.salmonistotheneighboringwildsalmon.Sincesalmonconstitutesthebasis
of a substantial and valuable fishery, it is not surprising that the imputed negative,
evenharmful,effectsofsalmonfarmsbecameamatterofbitterarguments.Whena
politicalpartyincludedinitsprogramtheabolitionofthesefarms,theentirematter
canbeclassifiedasbiopolitics.Vastamountsofmoneyaredevotedtostudiesthatmay
justify this attitude. And yet, the benefits that these farms provide in many areas of
theworldcannotbedenied—botheconomicandsocialbenefits.Thereareestimates
ofUS$100millionlossesannually,resultingfromthedamagecausedbyL.salmonis
(farms by implication). At the same time, one comes across records showing that
salmonfarminghasbecomethepillaroftheeconomyofthecoastalcommunities,not
xi