Salinity and Water Stress: Improving Crop Efficiency

232 Pages·2009·13.27 MB·English

by  M. Ashraf

Salinity and Water Stress
Tasks for Vegetation Sciences 44
SERIES EDITOR
H. Lieth, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
For other titles published in this series, go to
www.springer.com/series/6613
M. Ashraf (cid:129) M. Ozturk (cid:129) H.R. Athar
Editors
Salinity and Water Stress
Improving Crop Efficiency
Editors
M. Ashraf M. Ozturk
University of Agriculture Ege University,
Faislabad, Pakistan Bornova Izmir, Turkey
H.R. Athar
Bahauddin Zakariya University
Multan, Pakistan
Cover photographs caption:
Top left: a general view of the saline habitat (Munir Ozturk); top right: Crops grown on marginal lands (M. Ashraf, 2004); bottom
left: salt and water stress tolerant plant (Mesembryanthemum spp) (H.R. Athar, 2006); bottom right: screening and selection of
radish cultivars for salt tolerance (courtesy of Zahra Noreen).
ISBN 978-1-4020-9064-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9065-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936826
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfi lming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material
supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
springer.com
Preface
New advances in plant sciences particularly related to abiotic stresses are frequently appearing in the literature.
It is imperative to keep updated ourselves with advances in plant abiotic stresses such as salinity and water stress
to meet the current scientifi c challenges, particularly to meeting the growing food demand for world population.
New technologies are trying to fi nd out ways through which we can better understand how plants respond to
environment and how to improve abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants and what effective strategies should be
undertaken to overcome/mitigate the adverse effects of different abiotic stresses.
This book is presenting a timely and wide-ranging overview of the salinity and water stresses. In the three
sections of this book, advanced knowledge about molecular, biochemical and physiological basis of plant salt
and water stress tolerance is presented covering a broad range of topics in this connection:
(cid:129) Nature of environmental adversaries that affect plant productivity from the viewpoint of three interrelated disci-
plines; eco-physiology, breeding, and socio-economics
(cid:129) Potential biochemical and physiological indicators for successful breeding
(cid:129) Molecular biological approaches to identify key genes responsible for traits involved in salt and water stress
tolerance
(cid:129) Alternative shotgun approaches to induce stress tolerance
(cid:129) Alternative non-traditional plants that may be grown on stress hit areas and
(cid:129) Economic utilization of salt affected areas by growing halophytes
In addition, the strategies economically viable for introducing economically important crops in non-agricul-
tural land are discussed, and this will certainly have a great impact on plant productivity. Overall, the aim of
this book is to link the rapid advancements in molecular biology with plant physiology and plant ecology. The
book will provide a valuable insight into how the area of “plant adaptations to salt and water stresses” has pro-
gressed through the application of new technologies. Application of this knowledge through breeding by devel-
oping new high yielding varieties under stressful environments will keep the pace with the growing demand for
food. In the last, it is no exaggeration to say that this book presents a number of comprehensive tables and fi g-
ures to facilitate understanding and comprehension of the information presented throughout the text vis-à-vis a
large number of new and updated references are provided together with hundreds of index words to promote
the accessibility to the desired information throughout the book. The book is thus an indispensable resource for
scientists, students and others seeking advancements in this area of research.
M. Ashraf, University of Agriculture, Faislabad, Pakistan
M. Ozturk, Ege University, Bornova Izmir, Turkey
H.R. Athar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
v
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the production editors of Springer-Verlag for their invaluable help and patience during
the compilation of this book. Sincere efforts and invaluable contributions of several competent scientists from
different countries are highly acknowledged who really made it possible to produce this unique volume for
knowledge seekers. Our special thanks go to Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Higher Education Commission
(HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan, National Core Group in Life Sciences (NCGLS), National Commission on
Biotechnology (NCB), and Islamic Development Bank (IDB) for the fi nancial assistance that allowed the inter-
actions between the scientists of two countries (Pakistan and Turkey) to initiate the research collaboration and
this book project. Finally we thank our spouses Shamsa Parveen, Birsel Ozturk, and Safi a Habib for their contin-
uous support and encouragement in our scientifi c journey.
M. Ashraf, University of Agriculture, Faislabad, Pakistan
M. Ozturk, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
H.R. Athar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
vii
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
About the Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 Strategies for Crop Improvement Against Salinity
and Drought Stress: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
H.R. Athar and M. Ashraf
Part I Salt and Water Stress
2 Prediction of Salinity Tolerance Based on Biological
and Chemical Properties of Acacia Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
S. Rehman, A. Khatoon, Z. Iqbal, M. Jamil, M. Ashraf, and P.J.C. Harris
3 Antioxidant-Enzyme System as Selection Criteria
for Salt Tolerance in Forage Sorghum Genotypes
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
M. Hefny and D.Z. Abdel-Kader
4 Genetic Variation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seedlings
for Nutrient Uptake at Different Salinity
and Temperature Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
E.V. Divakara Sastry and M. Gupta
5 The Role of Plant Hormones in Plants Under Salinity Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
C. Kaya, A.L. Tuna, and I. Yokaş
6 Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Germination
and Seedling Growth of Daucus carota cv. nantes and Capsicum
annuum cv. sivri and Flooding on Capsicum annuum cv. sivri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
M. Ozturk, S. Gucel, S. Sakcali, Y. Dogan, and S. Baslar
7 Triticeae: The Ultimate Source of Abiotic Stress
Tolerance Improvement in Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
S. Farooq
ix
x Contents
8 Water Loss and Gene Expression of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Plants Under Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
T.-R. Kwon, J.-O. Lee, S.-K. Lee, and S.-C. Park
9 Effect of Different Water Table Treatments on Cabbage
in Saline Saemangeum Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
M. Jamil and E.S. Rha
10 How Does Ammonium Nutrition Infl uence Salt Tolerance
in Spartina alternifl ora Loisel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
K. Hessini, M. Gandour, W. Megdich, A. Soltani, and C. Abdely
Part II Improving Crop Effi ciency
11 Strategies for Crop Improvement in Saline Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
R. Munns
12 Role of Vetiver Grass and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
in Improving Crops Against Abiotic Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
A.G. Khan
13 Cell Membrane Stability (CMS): A Simple Technique
to Check Salt Stress Alleviation Through Seed Priming
with GA in Canola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3
M. Jamil, M. Ashraf, S. Rehman, and E.S. Rha
14 Using Resources from the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana
to Understand Effects of Abiotic Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
M.G. Jones
15 Improvement of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms of Barley
Cultivated Under Salt Stress Using Azospirillum brasilense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
M.N.A Omar, M.E.H. Osman, W.A. Kasim, and I.A. Abd El-Daim
16 Genetic Resources for Some Wheat Abiotic Stress Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
A. Mujeeb-Kazi, A. Gul, I. Ahmad, M. Farooq, Y. Rauf,
A.-ur Rahman, and H. Riaz
General Topics
17 Survival at Extreme Locations: Life Strategies of Halophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
H.-W. Koyro, N. Geissler, and S. Hussin
18 Adaptive Mechanisms of Halophytes in Desert Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
D.J. Weber
19 Is Sustainable Agriculture with Seawater Irrigation Realistic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
S.-W. Breckle
20 Enhanced Tolerance of Transgenic Crops Expressing
Both Superoxide Dismutase and Ascorbate Peroxidase
in Chloroplasts to Multiple Environmental Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
S.-S. Kwak, S. Lim, L. Tang, S.-Y. Kwon, and H.-S. Lee
Contents xi
21 Adaptation to Iron-Defi ciency Requires Remodelling
of Plant Metabolism: An Insight in Chloroplast Biochemistry
and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
A. Castagna, S. Donnini, and A. Ranieri
22 Boron Defi ciency in Rice in Pakistan: A Serious Constraint to
Productivity and Grain Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
A. Rashid, M. Yasin, M.A. Ali, Z. Ahmad, and R. Ullah
23 Potential Role of Sabkhas in Egypt: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
H.M. El Shaer
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237