Sage - The Genus Salvia; Volume 14 of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles – Harwood-Taylor & Francis PDF
Preview Sage - The Genus Salvia; Volume 14 of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles – Harwood-Taylor & Francis
SAGE Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia with in-depth coverage of one major medicinal or aromatic plant of industrial importance. Edited by Dr Roland Hardman Volume 1 Valerian edited by Peter J.Houghton Volume 2 Perilla edited by He-Ci Yu, Kenichi Kosuna and Megumi Haga Volume 3 Poppy edited by Jeno Bernáth Volume 4 Cannabis edited by David T.Brown Volume 5 Neem H.S.Puri Volume 6 Ergot edited by Vladimír Kren and Ladislav Cvak Volume 7 Caraway edited by Éva Németh Volume 8 Saffron edited by Moshe Negbi Volume 9 Tea Tree edited by Ian Southwell and Robert Lowe Volume 10 Basil edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Yvonne Holm Volume 11 Fenugreek edited by Georgious Petropoulos Volume 12 Ginkgo biloba edited by Teris A.van Beek Volume 13 Black Pepper edited by P.N.Ravindran Volume 14 Sage edited by Spiridon E.Kintzios Other volumes in preparation Please see the back of this book for other volumes in preparation in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. SAGE The Genus Salvia Edited by Spiridon E.Kintzios Department of Plant Physiology Faculty of Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens, Greece harwood academic publishers Australia (cid:127) Canada (cid:127) France (cid:127) Germany (cid:127) India (cid:127) Japan Luxembourg (cid:127) Malaysia (cid:127) The Netherlands (cid:127) Russia (cid:127) Singapore Switzerland Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Singapore. Amsteldijk 166 1st Floor 1079 LH Amsterdam The Netherlands British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-30455-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-34348-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN: 90-5823-005-8 (Print Edition) ISSN: 1027-4502 Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. CONTENTS Preface to the Series vii Preface ix Contributors xv Acknowledgements xix I. Introduction 1. The Folklore and Cosmetic Use of Various Salvia Species 1 Anthony C.Dweck II. Botany 2. The Sage Plants in Greece: Distribution and Infraspecific Variation 27 Regina Karousou, Effie Hanlidou and Stella Kokkini 3. Salvia in Southern Africa 47 Anna K.Jäger and Johannes van Staden III. Chemical Constituents 4. Terpenoids in the Genus Salvia 55 Ayhan Ulubelen 5. Essential Oils of Salvia spp: Examples of Intraspecific and Seasonal Variation 69 Amalia L.Giannouli and Spiridon E.Kintzios 6. Salvianolic Acids and Related Compounds 81 Lian-Niang Li IV. Cultivation and Breeding 7. The Cultivation of Sage 93 Andreas J.Karamanos 8. Genetic Improvement of Cultivated Species of the Genus Salvia 109 Jenõ Bernáth and Éva Németh 9. The Ecophysiology of Salvia: Disorders and Adaptation 125 Emmanouil Panagiotopoulos, Chrisostomos Kapetanos, Maria Skapeti, Constantinos Cholevas, John Drossopoulos, Michael Loukas and Spiridon E.Kintzios 10. Legal Protection of Salvia Varieties 135 Bernard Le Buanec V. Pharmacology 11. The Biological/Pharmacological Activity of the Salvia Genus 143 Dea Baricevic and Tomaz Bartol 12. Antioxidants from Salvia officinalis 185 Stanley G.Deans and Elisabeth J.M.Simpson v Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. vi CONTENTS 13. The Antihypertensive Properties of Dan-Shen, the Root of Salvia miltiorrhiza 193 Takako Yokozawa 14. Why Sage May be a Wise Remedy: Effects of Salvia on the Nervous System 207 Nicolette Perry, Melanie-Jayne Howes, Peter Houghton and Elaine Perry VI. Biotechnology 15. The Biotechnology of Labiatae 225 Olga Makri 16. In vitro Rosmarinic Acid Production 233 Isabelle Hippolyte 17. Salvia spp.: Tissue Culture, Somatic Embryogenesis, Micropropagation and Biotransformation 243 Spiridon E.Kintzios 18. Production of Secondary Metabolites using Liquid Culture of Salvia Plants: Up-to-Date Reports and Scale-up Potential 251 Emmanouil Panagiotopoulos, Maria Skapeti and Chrisostomos Kapetanos VII. Commercial Aspects 19. Production of Salvia Oil in Mediterranean Countries 263 K.Husnu Can Baser VIII. General Issues 20 Scientometric Analysis of Science and Technology Bibliographic Information Sources with Regard to Genus Salvia 269 Tomaz Bartol and Dea Baricevic Appendix Short Notes on the Olfactory Properties of the Essential Oil of Some Sage Species 289 Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. PREFACE TO THE SERIES There is increasing interest in industry, academia and the health sciences in medicinal and aromatic plants. In passing from plant production to the eventual product used by the public, many sciences are involved. This series brings together informa tion which is currently scattered through an ever increasing number of journals. Each volume gives an in-depth look at one plant genus, about which an area specialist has assembled information ranging from the production of the plant to market trends and quality control. Many industries are involved such as forestry, agriculture, chemical, food, flavour, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and fragrance. The plant raw materials are roots, rhizomes, bulbs, leaves, stems, barks, wood, flowers, fruits and seeds. These yield gums, resins, essential (volatile) oils, fixed oils, waxes, juices, extracts and spices for medicinal and aromatic purposes. All these commodities are traded worldwide. A dealer’s market report for an item may say “Drought in the country of origin has forced up prices”. Natural products do not mean safe products and account of this has to be taken by the above industries, which are subject to regulation. For example, a number of plants which are approved for use in medicine must not be used in cosmetic products. The assessment of safe to use starts with the harvested plant material which has to comply with an official monograph. This may require absence of, or prescribed limits of, radioactive material, heavy metals, aflatoxins, pesticide residue, as well as the required level of active principle. This analytical control is costly and tends to exclude small batches of plant material. Large scale contracted mechanised cultivation with designated seed or plantlets is now preferable. Today, plant selection is not only for the yield of active principle, but for the plant’s ability to overcome disease, climatic stress and the hazards caused by mankind. Such methods as in vitro fertilisation, meristem cultures and somatic embryogenesis are used. The transfer of sections of DNA is giving rise to controversy in the case of some end-uses of the plant material. Some suppliers of plant raw material are now able to certify that they are supplying organically-farmed medicinal plants, herbs and spices. The Economic Union directive (CVO/EU No 2092/91) details the specifications for the obligatory quality controls to be carried out at all stages of production and processing of organic products. Fascinating plant folklore and ethnopharmacology leads to medicinal potential. Examples are the muscle relaxants based on the arrow poison, curare, from species of Chondrodendron, and the antimalarials derived from species of Cinchona and Artemisia. The methods of detection of pharmacological activity have become increasingly reliable and specific, frequently involving enzymes in bioassays and vii Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. viii PREFACE TO THE SERIES avoiding the use of laboratory animals. By using bioassay linked fractionation of crude plant juices or extracts, compounds can be specifically targeted which, for example, inhibit blood platelet aggregation, or have antitumour, or antiviral, or any other required activity. With the assistance of robotic devices, all the members of a genus may be readily screened. However, the plant material must be fully authenticated by a specialist. The medicinal traditions of ancient civilisations such as those of China and India have a large armamentarium of plants in their pharmacopoeias which are used throughout South East Asia. A similar situation exists in Africa and South America. Thus, a very high percentage of the world’s population relies on medicinal and aromatic plants for their medicine. Western medicine is also responding. Already in Germany all medical practitioners have to pass an examination in phytotherapy before being allowed to practise. It is noticeable that throughout Europe and the USA, medical, pharmacy and health related schools are increasingly offering training in phytotherapy. Multinational pharmaceutical companies have become less enamoured of the single compound magic bullet cure. The high costs of such ventures and the endless competition from too many compounds from rival companies often discourage the attempt. Independent phytomedicine companies have been very strong in Germany. However, by the end of 1995, eleven (almost all) had been acquired by the multi national pharmaceutical firms, acknowledging the lay public’s growing demand for phytomedicines in the Western World. The business of dietary supplements in the Western World has expanded from the Health Store to the pharmacy. Alternative medicine includes plant based products. Appropriate measures to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of these either already exist or are being answered by greater legislative control by such bodies as the Food and Drug Administration of the USA and the recently created European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, based in London. In the USA, the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 recognised the class of phytotherapeutic agents derived from medicinal and aromatic plants. Furthermore, under public pressure, the US Congress set up an Office of Alternative Medicine and this office in 1994 assisted the filing of several Investigational New Drug (IND) applications, required for clinical trials of some Chinese herbal prepa rations. The significance of these applications was that each Chinese preparation involved several plants and yet was handled as a single IND. A demonstration of the contribution to efficacy, of each ingredient of each plant, was not required. This was a major step forward towards more sensible regulations in regard to phytomedicines. My thanks are due to the staff of Harwood Academic Publishers who have made this series possible and especially to the volume editors and their chapter contributors for the authoritative information. Roland Hardman Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. PREFACE Salvia is a fascinating plant genus. One of the widest-spread members of the Labiatae family, it features prominently in the pharmacopoeias of many countries throughout the world. From the Far East, through Europe and across to the New World several of the almost 1000 Salvia species have been used in many ways, e.g. essential oils used in perfumery, the flowers used as rouge, the leaves used for varicose veins, the seed oil as an emollient, the roots as a tranquiliser. The range of traditional applications of the herb in domestic medicine seems to be endless: it has been used as a medication against perspiration and fever; as a carminative; a spasmolytic; an antiseptic/bactericidal; an astringent; as a gargle or mouthwash against the inflammation of the mouth, tongue and throat; a wound-healing agent; in skin and hair care; and against rheumatism and sexual debility in treating mental and nervous conditions as well as an insecticidal. This book begins with the presentation of the (approximately 400) most known Salvia species (Chapter One, A.C.Dweck), their pharmacopoeial status, their history and distribution, traditional uses as a food source and in domestic medicine, as well as general information on the chemical composition of prominent Salvia species, such as S. officinalis, S. bowleyana, S. coccinea, S. columbariae, S. digitaloides, S. divinorum, S. hispanica, S. horminum, S. lavandulaefolia, S. miltiorrbiza, S. plebeia, S. pomifera, S. repens, S. rugosa, S. runcinata, S. sisymbrifolia, S. sclarea, S. erotina, S. verbenaca and S. yunnanensis. Analytical dosing instructions are given for each area of application. The botany and the distribution—both global and regional—of the genus is presented along with taxonomical, chemotaxonomical, genetical and phylogenical aspects. In Chapter Two (R.Karousou et al.) detailed information is provided on sage species growing in Greece and the ad hoc main centre of origin and native distribution, the Mediterranean region. Emphasis is given on the three main species endemic in the region, namely S. officinalis (‘Dalmatian or Garden Sage’), S. fruticosa (‘Greek Sage’) and S. pomifera (‘Cretan Sage’), providing detailed information on their geographic distribution, morphology and essential oil composition. These species are remarkably variable and there is a vivid presentation of the climatically (temperature- and precipitation-) related high variation of the leaf mor phology and the qualitative and quantitative essential oil content (due, for example, to xerophytic adaptation). On the opposite side of the globe, Southern Africa, where traditional medicine plays a very important role in health care, is home to 30 species of the genus Salvia. In Chapter Three (A.K.Jäger and J.van Staden) we learn about the botany, the distribution in different climatic regions, the traditional usages and the chemistry of representative Salvia species, like S. africana, S. chamelaeagmea and S. stenophylla, the latter species being one of the few known sources of epi-a-bisabolol, a potent anti-inflammatory agent. ix Copyright © 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of the Gordon and Breach Publishing Group.
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