Safia Ibrahim Mohamed Abu El Gas

182 Pages·2017·1.78 MB·English

The Contribution of Women's Informal Work to Poverty Alleviation
in Gezira State, Sudan, (2012)

Safia Ibrahim Mohamed Abu El Gasim

M.Sc. in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Economic and
Social Studies, University of Khartoum (2001)
B.Sc. in Economic and Social Studies, (Honors) Anthropology,
Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Economic
and Social Studies, University of Khartoum (1992)

A thesis
Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

in
Rural Development
Department of Rural Development
Faculty of economics and Rural Development
University of Gezira

February, 2015

i
ميحرلا نمحرلا الله مسب

The Contribution of Women's Informal Work to Poverty Alleviation in
Gezira State, Sudan, (2012)

Safia Ibrahim Mohamed Abu El Gasim

Supervision Committee:
Name Position Signature
Prof. Hassan Mohamed Salih Main Supervisor ………
Dr. Adam Elradi Mohamed Ali Co- Supervisor ………

January 2015

ii
ميحرلا نمحرلا الله مسب
The Contribution of Women's Informal Work to Poverty Alleviation in
Gezira State, Sudan, (2012)

Safia Ibrahim Mohamed Abu El Gasim

Examination Committee:
Name Position Signature
Prof. Hassan Mohamed Salih Chair Person ………..
D. Ibrahim Mohamed Elhassan External Examiner ………..
D. Omran Abbas Yusif Internal Examiner ………...

Date of Examination 9/2/2015

iii
Dedication

To my father and the soul of my mother
To my husband Abdolelbagi and to my
Sons, brothers and friends.

iv
Acknowledgment

I acknowledge, with great gratitude, the support I receive from my supervisor
professor Hassan Mohamed Salih who provide me with guidance and encouragement
throughout this research.
My thank and gratitude is extended to my co- supervisor Dr. Adam Elradi Mohamed
Ali for his close supervision, creative and valuable guidance and comments.
Thanks and respects are also extended to my colleagues US. Aamir, Us. Hythum and
Us. Eldigeer for their great help.
I am also endowed to Muna Eisa for her great help, and to my friends, colleagues and
students who patiently helped me in the collection of data.

v
The Contribution of Women's Informal Work to Poverty Alleviation:
in Gezira State, Sudan, (2012)

Safia Ibrahim Mohamed Abu El Gasim

Abstract

Poverty is a serious problem that should be urgently confronted in order to achieve
sustainable development. However the main challenge that face the African countries,
and Sudan in particular, is the alleviation of poverty and improving the wellbeing of
the rural poor. Recently the new initiatives bring the rural poor to be the core of
development strategies. Despite the increasing concern about poverty at national,
regional and international levels, progress toward the reduction of poverty and
deprivation remains inadequate. However, creating opportunities for the poor to
contribute fully to economic growth will be an efficient tool for the fight against
poverty. In the Less Developing Countries and in Sudan, the informal sector is often a
device for a large part of the poor and for women in particular to overcome poverty.
The overall objective of the study is to assess the contribution of women's informal
work to poverty alleviation in Gezira State, Sudan(2012). Moreover the study
investigated the constraints encountered the respondents as well as their potentialities
to escape poverty. For the study purpose, data were collected by mean of a
questionnaire from a stratified random sample of 204 respondents drawn from the
study’s population in the seven localities of the Gezira State (2012). The study
adopted both descriptive and analytical methods in data analysis. These include the t-
test for the differences between means and Chi-square test for correlation analysis.
Furthermore, the study calculating the objective poverty line for estimating the three
standard poverty measures, namely P , P , and P . The income of the male-head of
0 1 2,
household (Y ) and women's informal work as another source of income (Y ) have
1 2
been used for comparing the status of poverty among the respondents before and after
adding women income. The main statistical results suggested that there is a significant
difference between the mean income of women, which is estimated at SDGs 1564 and
the calculated objective poverty line that estimated at SDGs 1135 in favour of
women. Moreover, based on the objective poverty line, the study estimated the
incidence, depth and severity of poverty before adding women income at 96%, 41%,
and 34% respectively, while all these poverty indices turned out to be significantly
lower at 88%, 14%, and 0.4% respectively for P , P , and P when woman's income
0 1 2
(Y ) was added. Thus the study suggests that women's informal work has contributed
2
to poverty alleviation in terms of increasing household income. The Chi-square results
indicated that there is a significant relationship between the main objective of
women's work and the percentage the income of the male-head coverage, of the
vi
family subsistence, at chi-squire value 111.4, degree of freedom is 25, and significant
level at 1%. Women's informal work is a mean of reducing unemployment and
poverty. Thus the raising women’s income via the provision of training, credit and
support of women entrepreneurs is suggested by the study. Moreover socio-economic
surveys are required to uncover various types of activities undertaken by women in
order to be involved in the national account system, and thus found their chance to be
integrated in the macroeconomic policy. Facilitating micro-finance and establishment
of rural banks for women is recommended as they have no access to formal and other
sources of credit. The creation of women's work organizations as a body needs to be
developed as an alternative funding mechanism which minimize the bureaucracy in
funding women's initiatives. Provision of training sessions on entrepreneurship
capacity of women is of a paramount importance. The study concluded that an
alternative view of approaching poverty has to be adopted, that is of gender
perspective.

vii
رقفلا ةدح فيفخت يف يمسرلا ريغ ةأرملا لمع ةمهاسم
)2012( نادوسلا ،ةريزجلا ةيلاوب

مساقلا وبأ دمحم ميهاربإ ةيفص

ةساردلا صخلم
يسيئرلا يدحتلاف .ةمادتسملا ةيمنتلا قيقحتل ةداج ةروصب اهتهجاوم يغبني ةيساسأ ةلكشم رقفلا
نيسحتو رقفلا ةأطو نم فيفختلا وه صوصخلا هجو ىلع نادوسلاو ةيقيرفلأا لودلا هجاوي يذلا
رهوج فيرلا ءرا قف نم تلعج ةثيدحلا ةيومنتلا ترا دابملا نأ اميس لا فيرلا ءرا قف عاضوأ
يميلقلإا ،يموقلا ىوتسملا ىلع رقفلاب ديزا تملا مامتهلاا نم مغرلاب .ةيمنتلا تايجيترا تسا
قلخ .ةيفاك ريغ تيقب نامرحلاو رقفلا ةأطو فيفختل ةلوذبملا تادوهجملا نأ لاإ ،يملاعلاو
فدهلا .رقفلا ةحفاكمل ةليسو ربتعت يداصتقلاا ومنلا يف ةلعاف ةروصب ةمهاسملل ءرا قفلل صرف
ةيلاوب رقفلا ةدح فيفختل يمسرلا ريغ عاطقلا يف ةرأ ملا لمع ةمهاسم مييقت وه ةسرا دلل يسيئرلا
جورخلل نهتايناكماو نيثوحبملا هباجت يتلا تاقوعملا ةسرا دلا تصقت .)2012( نادوسلا ،ةريزجلا
تانايبلا عمجل ةليسوك نايبتسلاا قيرط نع تانايبلا عمج مت ،ةسرا دلا ضرا غلأ .رقفلا ةرئاد نم
عبس يف ةسرا دلا عمتجم نم مهرايتخا مت اثوحبم 200 نم ةنوكم ةيقبط ةيئاوشع ةنيع نم
،تانايبلا ليلحتل يليلحتلاو يفصولا جهنملا ةسرا دلا تمدختسا . )2012( ةريزجلا ةيلاوب تايلحم
رقفلا طخ باسح مت .طابترلاا ليلحتل ياك رابتخاو تاطسوتملا نيب قورفلل )t(رابتخا لمشتو
)Y ( ةرسلأل برك لجرلا لخد مادختسا مت .)P , P , andP ( ةثلاثلا رقفلا سيياقم ريدقتل
1 0 1 2
رقفلا عاضوأ ةنراقمل )Y ( لخدلل رخآ ردصمك يمسرلا ريغ عاطقلا يف ةلماعلا ةرأ ملا لخدو
2
قورف دوجو ىلإ تراشأ ةيئاصحلإا جئاتنلا .ةرأ ملا لخد ةفاضإ دعبو لبق نيثوحبملا طاسوأ يف
رقفلا طخو اهينج 1564 يلاوحب ردق يذلاو ءاسنلا لخد طسوتم نيب ةيئاصحإ ةيونعم تاذ
تردق قلطملا رقفلا طخ ىلع ادامتعا .ءاسنلا حلاصل ، اهينج 1135 يلاوحب ردقملا قلطملا
ىلع %34و %41 ،%94 يلاوحب ةرأ ملا لخد ةفاضإ لبق رقفلا ةدحو قمع ،ثودح ةسرا دلا
،%0.4 ،%14 ،%88 ىلإ )P ,P , andP ( سيياقملا هذه عيمج تضفخنا امنيب يلاوتلا
0 1 2
دق يمسرلا ريغ ةرأ ملا لمع نأ ةسرا دلا تحضوأ هيلعو ،ةرأ ملا لخد ةفاضإ دعب يلاوتلا ىلع
كانه نأ )ياك( ةيئاصحإ جئاتن تراشأ .ةرسلأا لخد ةدايزب رقفلا ةأطو نم فيفختلا يف مهاس
اهيطغي يتلا ةيوئملا ةبسنلاو ةرأ ملا لمع نم يسيئرلا فدهلا نيب ةيئاصحإ ةيونعم تاذ ةقلاع
.%1 ةيونعم ىوتسمو 25 ةيرح ةجرد 111.4 ياك ةميق دنع ،ةرسلأا شاعم يف لجرلا لخد
viii
لخد ةدايز ةسرا دلا تحرتقا هيلعو .رقفلاو ةلاطبلا ليلقتل ةليسو يمسرلا ريغ ةرأ ملا لمع ربتعي
تصوأ .لمعلا ةدئرا ةرأ ملا معدو نامتئلاا تامدخ ،بيردتلا تامدخ ميدقت قيرط نع ةرأ ملا
ةرأ ملا اهب موقت يتلا تاطاشنلاب ةصاخلا ةيعامتجلااو ةيداصتقلاا تاحوسملا ءرا جإ ةيمهأب ةسرا دلا
ةيداصتقلاا تاسايسلا يف اهجامدإ متي ىتح ةيموقلا تاباسحلا ماظن يف اهنيمضت ةرورضب و
ةرأ ملاب ةصاخ فراصم ءاشناو رغصلأا ليومتلا ىلع لوصحلا ليهستب تصوأ امك ةيلكلا
كلذو يمسرلا ليومتلا تايللآ ةليدب ةزهجأك ةيوسن لمع تامظنم ءاشنإ ةرورض اذكو ،ةيفيرلا
ربتعت لامعلأا ةداير لاجم يف بيردتلا تامدخ ميدقتو ، ةرأ ملا ليومت يف ةيطرا قوريبلا صيلقتل
ىلع موقت رقفلا ةجلاعم قرطل ةرياغم ةرظن ىنبت نم دبلا هنأ ىلإ ةسرا دلا تصلخ .ةمهم ةيضق
.يعامتجلاا عونلا موهفم

ix
List of Contents
Subject Page
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Arabic Abstract vi
list of Contents vii
List of Abbreviations ix
List of Tables xi
List of figure xii
Chapter one: Introduction:
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 The Importance of the Study 4
1.4 The Objective of the Study 5
1.5 The Main Inquiries of the Study 6
1.6 Data Sources and Types 6
1.7 Organization of the Study 6
Chapter two: informal sector and poverty
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Studies of Poverty in Sudan 7
2.3 The historical Development of the Informal Sector 32
2.4 Definitions of Informal Sector 35
2.5 Poverty Concepts and Measures 38
2.6 Informal Sector; A poverty Device 44
Chapter three: Women and Development
3.1 Introduction 51
x