Saffron: The Age-Old Panacea in a New Light PDF
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Saffron The Age-Old Panacea in a New Light Edited by MARYAM SARWAT Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India SAJIDA SUMAIYA Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India ] Saffron ISBN:978-0-12-818462-2 Copyright(cid:1)2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(other thanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compoundsorexperimentsdescribedherein.Becauseofrapidadvances inthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbe made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas containedinthematerialherein. Publisher:AndreGerhardWolff AcquisitionEditor:ErinHill-Parks EditorialProjectManager:AnnaDubnow ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju CoverDesigner:AlanStudholme List of Contributors MirAjazAkram Silvia Bisti Government Department ofBiotechnology andApplied NMVHoshangabad(Barkatullah University) Clinical Sciences(DISCAB) Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh,India Universitàdegli Studidell’Aquila L’Aquila,AQ,Italy RajendraAwasthi IIT IstitutoItaliano diTecnologia AmityInstitute ofPharmacy Genova, GE,Italy AmityUniversity, UttarPradesh Istituto Nazionale BiosistemieBiostrutture Noida, UttarPradesh, India Roma,Italy HamidA.Bakshi MohammadHosseinBoskabady Department ofPharmacy Department ofPhysiology School ofAppliedSciences UniversityofHuddersfield School ofMedicine Queensgate,Huddersfield,HD13DH,UnitedKingdom MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences Mashhad, Iran SAADCentrefor PharmacyandDiabetes Neurogenic InflammationResearchCenter School ofPharmacyandPharmaceutical Science MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences UlsterUniversity Mashhad, Iran Coleraine,CountyLondonderry,BT521SA, Northern Ireland,UnitedKingdom NathalieChahine School ofBiomedicalSciences FacultyofPublicHealth UniversityofUlster LaSagesseUniversity Coleraine,BT521SA,Northern Ireland, Beirut,Lebanon UnitedKingdom FacultyofSciences andFacultyofAgronomy K.HüsnüCanBaşer LebaneseUniversity Beirut,Lebanon NearEastUniversity FacultyofPharmacy RamezChahine Nicosia,North Cyprus,Turkey FacultyofPublicHealth LaSagesseUniversity SabeehaBashir Beirut,Lebanon Department ofBotany UniversityofKashmir NeerupmaDhiman Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India Amity Instituteof Pharmacy Amity University Noida, UttarPradesh,India v vi LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS BenedettoFalsini GamzeGuclu Facolta’diMedicinaeChirurgia Department ofFoodEngineering FondazionePoliclinico A.Gemelli FacultyofAgriculture Universita’Cattolica delS.Cuore Cukurova University Roma,Italy Adana,Turkey TaherehFarkhondeh MortazaHajyzadeh Cardiovascular DiseasesResearchCenter CentralLaboratoryofTechnologyandResearch BirjandUniversityofMedicalSciences (SUTAM) Birjand,Iran Sirnak,Turkey HakkimL.Faruck RuqayaJabeen Department ofMathematicsandSciences UniversityCollege CollegeofArtsandApplied Sciences Addarb ResearchCenter JazanUniversity DhofarUniversity Jazan,Kingdom ofSaudiArabia Salalah,Oman Riffat John Researchcenter Department ofBotany DhofarUniversity UniversityofKashmir Salalah,Oman Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India HomaFatma MolecularCancerGenetics &Translational ParisaPouraliKahriz ResearchLaboratory ArdahanUniversity ArdahanTechnicalSciencesVocational School SectionofGenetics Ardahan, Turkey Department ofZoology AligarhMuslimUniversity PrachiKaushik Aligarh,UttarPradesh, India AmityInstitute ofPharmacy ZahraGholamnezhad AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Noida, UttarPradesh,India Department ofPhysiology FacultyofMedicine HasimKelebek MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences Mashhad,Iran Department ofFoodEngineering AdanaScience andTechnologyUniversity NeurogenicInflammationResearchCenter Adana,Turkey MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences Mashhad,Iran MohammadAfsarKhan MolecularCancerGenetics &TranslationalResearch VahidehGhorani Laboratory Department ofPhysiology SectionofGenetics Schoolof Medicine Department ofZoology, MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences AligarhMuslimUniversity Mashhad,Iran Aligarh,UttarPradesh,India Pharmaceutical ResearchCenter MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences HarshaKharkwal Mashhad,Iran AmityInstitute ofPhytomedicine and Phytochemistry AmityUniversity Noida, UttarPradesh,India LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS vii KhalidMahmoodKhawar Amin Mokhtari-Zaer Department ofFieldCrop Department ofPhysiology FacultyofAgriculture FacultyofMedicine AnkaraUniversity MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences Ankara,Turkey Mashhad,Iran MohammadRezaKhazdair DhondupNamgyal TorbatJamFacultyofMedicalSciences AmityInstitute ofNeuropsychology &Neuroscience TorbatJam,Iran AmityUniversity Noida, UttarPradesh,India MüberraKoşar EasternMediterranean University TanveerNaved FacultyofPharmacy AmityInstitute ofPharmacy Famagusta,NorthCyprus,viaMersin-10,Turkey AmityUniversity Noida, UttarPradesh,India G.T.Kulkarni AmityInstitute ofPharmacy FatihOlmez AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Department ofPlantProtection Noida,UttarPradesh, India FacultyofAgriculture Sirnak University HariomKumar Sirnak,Turkey AmityInstitute ofPharmacy AmityUniversityUttarPradesh MattiaDiPaolo Noida,UttarPradesh, India Department ofBiotechnologyandApplied Clinical Sciences(DISCAB) MariaAnnaMaggi UniversitàdegliStudidell’Aquila HortusNovussrl L’Aquila,AQ,Italy Canistro,AQ,Italy MarcoPiccardi DepartmentofPhysicalandChemicalSciences(DSFC) UniversitàdegliStudidell’Aquila FacoltàdiMedicinaeChirurgia L’Aquila,AQ,Italy FondazionePoliclinico A.Gemelli Universita’CattolicadelS.Cuore StefanoDiMarco Roma,Italy Department ofBiotechnologyandAppliedClinical NikolaosPitsikas Sciences(DISCAB) UniversitàdegliStudidell’Aquila Department ofPharmacology L’Aquila,AQ,Italy School ofMedicine, Facultyof HealthSciences UniversityofThessaly IstitutoNazionale BiosistemieBiostrutture Larissa,Greece Roma,Italy ShaistaQadir ArghavanMemarzia Department ofBotany Department ofPhysiology Government DegreeCollegefor Women FacultyofMedicine ClusterUniversity MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India Mashhad,Iran SaeidehSaadat RoohiMirza Department ofPhysiology AmityInstitute ofPharmacy School ofMedicine, AmityUniversityUttarPradesh MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences Noida,UttarPradesh, India Mashhad,Iran viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS SaeedSamarghandian HifzurR.Siddique Department ofBasicMedicalSciences MolecularCancerGenetics &TranslationalResearch Neyshabur UniversityofMedicalSciences Laboratory Neyshabur,Iran SectionofGenetics Department ofZoology ErcumentOsman Sarihan AligarhMuslimUniversity Department ofFieldCrops Aligarh,UttarPradesh,India AgricultureandNaturalScience Faculty UsakUniversity SajidaSumaiya Usak,Turkey AmityInstitute ofPharmacy AmityUniversity MaryamSarwat Noida, UttarPradesh,India AmityInstitute ofPharmacy AmityUniversity MurtazaM.Tambuwala Noida,UttarPradesh, India SAADCentrefor PharmacyandDiabetes School ofPharmacy andPharmaceutical Science SerkanSelli UlsterUniversity Department ofFoodEngineering Coleraine,CountyLondonderry,BT521SA, FacultyofAgriculture Northern Ireland,UnitedKingdom CukurovaUniversity School ofBiomedicalSciences Adana,Turkey UniversityofUlster Coleraine,BT521SA,Northern Ireland, ArchanaSharma UnitedKingdom AmityInstitute ofPharmacy AmityUniversity SangilimuthuAlagar Yadav Noida,UttarPradesh, India Department ofBiotechnology KarpagamAcademy ofHigherEducation BhupeshSharma Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India AmityInstitute ofPharmacy AmityUniversityUttarPradesh MehmetUgurYildirim Noida,UttarPradesh, India Department ofField Crops Agriculture andNaturalScienceFaculty MuzafarAhmadSheikh UsakUniversity Department ofZoology Usak,Turkey GovernmentDegreeCollege,Ganderbal Ganderbal,JammuandKashmir,India Foreword In the context of human health, a large number of greatdealofinterestamongpeoplewhorespectnature natural products have been collected, collated, charac- and believe in naturopathy. I envisage that this book terized,andmadeavailabletomankind.Someofthese wouldprovetobeaneye-openertostudents,teachers, products target the diseases, whereas others simply and researcher. I found that this book reflects deep work for the rejuvenation of the body by their immu- scientific understanding and academic prowess of the nomodulatory actions. Yet another ones work beyond editors,MaryamSarwatandSajidaSumaiya,whohave thehumanbodyandperhapsreachtothesoul.Ofall complementedeachothertobringabouttheirverybest the plant-derived herbs, saffron has always attracted a onsaffron. greatdealofattentionofcommonmanandelitesalike. The actual saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., family Iridaceae. A sizable part of the literature is ProfessorDr. SherAli,PhD,FNA,FASc, devotedtodescribeitshealthpotentialsandbeneficial FNASc, FSASc, effects on the human body. Although mind and body JCBoseNationalFellow,DST,NewDelhi are connected, they still maintained functional Av-HumboldtFellow,Germany compartmentalization.Saffronhasverypositiveeffects Professor, Center forInterdisciplinary onalargenumberofvitalsystemsofthehumanbody ResearchinBasicSciences encompassing central nervous, cardiovascular, diges- RamanujanBlock,Room108 tive, locomotor, urogenital, ophthalmic, integumen- JamiaMilliaIslamia, tary, and immune systems. Saffron’s safranal is an JamiaNagar,NewDelhi e110025 aromaticaldehyde,avitalcomponentofplantvolatile Alumni:USA,UK,Germany,andAustralia oil. In addition, saffron has more than 150 different Email: [email protected] typesofcomponents.Thepresentbookonsaffrontruly FormerSeniorStaffScientistandHead reflects deep and wide understanding of the authors MolecularGeneticsDivision accumulatingcrucialfactaboutthismuchsought-after National InstituteofImmunology and wonderful gift of nature. I found the book un- NewDelhi e110067 putdownableandsincerelyhopethatitwouldevokea ix Preface Withadvancementsinthefieldofscienceovertheyears, pharmacologicalaspectsofsaffron.Thisbookisdivided the section of medicine and pharmacology has greatly intofoursections,withthefourthsectioncoveringmajor benefited the society. Remarkable contributions have chunkofthisbook.Sectiononeprovidestheintroduc- beenmadebothinunderstandingdrugsatthemolecular tion,whilesectionstwo and threedescribecultivation, levelaswellasindevelopingmoreselectivedrugs.The biosynthesis, and phytochemistry, respectively. The searchfornewertherapeuticagentshascreatedanewray fourthsectionisfurtherdividedintosixparts.Itcovers of hope for physicians, pharmacists, researchers, medi- variousmedicinalbenefitsofsaffronintreatingdiseases cine experts, and most importantly the patients of nervous system, cardiovascular system, ocular dis- consumingsuchdrugs.Herbsandspicescoveramajor eases, and cancers and saffron’s immunomodulatory aspectofthesealternativetherapeuticagents.Sustained effect. research is being carried out worldwide to study their Eachchapterhasbeenmeticulouslyelaboratedwith efficiencyandmechanismofactionamongmanyother itsuniquestyleofpresentation.Thechaptershavebeen aspects. This research is constantly promoted as it has arrangedinsuchawaythatfoundationlaidintheinitial negligiblesideeffects(ifany)onpatientsevenafterlong- chapters will be helpful for understanding the subse- termuse. quentchapters.Furthermore,detailedstudieshavebeen Booksthatareavailableinthemarketdescribingthe explainedwiththehelpoffigures,images,andtablesto benefits and pharmacological activities of herbs and makeitevenmoreinterestinganddescriptive.Evenafter spices especially saffron (a stigma of Crocus sativus L.) ourbestefforts,wedofeelthattheremaystillbescope have limited sections, perhaps insufficient information for improvement and addition in this work especially devoted to its medicinal aspect. To overcome this in- giventherapidlyevolvingandever-advancingnatureof adequacy,weplannedtowritethiscomprehensivebook. this field. Helpful criticism and suggestions from the Thisbookwillexpandandalsobringtogetherscattered readersaredearlywelcome. information on saffron. It will cater to the needs of WearethankfultoElsevierfortheirkeeninterestand pharmacologists,molecularbiologists,medicineexperts, attentioninbringingoutthisbookinitspresentform. researchers,andstudents. Inourbook,wehaveextensivelyhighlightedvarious MaryamSarwat phytochemical studies as well as medicinal and SajidaSumaiya xi Acknowledgment We wish to express our deepest appreciation to our (CCRUM),” Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India instituteand all faculty membersfrom Amity Institute fortheircontinuoussupport,encouragement,andfaith of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India, for their inus. expert insights, discussions, and communications Thisbookwouldnothaveanyessenceofthoughts, throughout the process of book writing and editing concerns, and feel without having Ms. Faria Zafar thatgreatlyassistedandenhancedthefinaloutlookof (Daughter of MS) on board. She is our inspiration, ourbook. encouragement,andvisionindecidingthetopicofthe The authors are sincerely indebted to Prof. Ashok book and selecting which contents must be included, Chauhan,FounderPresidentofAmityUniversity,Prof. simply because she is among the various kids which W. Selwamurthy, President of Amity Science, Tech- belongtoourfuturegeneration.Boththeauthorswant nology and Innovation Foundation, and Prof. B. C. to express their gratitude to their friends and families, Das,DeanofAmityHealthandAlliedSciences,Amity especiallyDr.FakhreAlam(FatherofSS),forproviding University, Noida, for the all-time help and encour- moral support, valuable comments, and suggestions agementduringtheprocessof writingofthisbook. while writing the book. Our thankfulness and appre- Weowespecialthanks totheJointHeadsofAmity ciation arebeyond measure. Institute of Pharmacy; Dr. Tanveer Naved and Prof. Finally, we would like to acknowledge with grati- G.T. Kulkarni and the research scholars Dhondup tude all the authors, reviewers, publishers, and their Namgyal, Ms. Meenakshi Gupta, and Ms. Kumari teammembersforsharingtheirpearlsofwisdomwith Chandanforassistancewithcommentsandinnovative usduringthecourseofwritingandcompilationofthis ideasthatgreatlyimproved themanuscript. book. We are immensely thankful to our funding agency “Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine xiii
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