Safety of Amusement Devices: Design

124 Pages·2011·1.43 MB·English

AmusementDeviceSafetyCouncil
Developedinpartnership
withthe
HealthandSafetyexecutive
Safety of Amusement Devices:
Design
Safety of Amusement Devices:
Design
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© ADSC2006
Applicationsforreproductionshouldbe
madeinwritingto:
ADIPS,Business&InnovationCentre,
EnterpriseParkEast,
SUNDERLAND,SR52TA.
Firsteditionpublished2003
Secondeditionpublished2006
ISBN0-9554117-1-8
ISBN(2007)978-0-9554117-1-7
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthis
publicationmaybereproduced,storedina
retrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recording,orotherwise)
withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthe
copyrightowner.
ThisguidanceisissuedbyADSConbehalfof
theindustryassociationslistedinthe
Foreword.ItisendorsedbytheHealthand
SafetyExecutive.Followingtheguidanceis
notcompulsoryandyouarefreetotake
otheraction.Butifyoudofollowthe
guidanceyouwillnormallybedoing
enough to comply with the law. Health
andsafetyinspectorsseektosecure
compliancewiththelawandmayrefertothis
guidanceasillustratinggoodpractice.
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Safety of Amusement Devices:
Design
Contents
Foreword 5
Chapter 1: Design risk assessment 7
Chapter 2: Principles of dynamic analysis 19
Chapter 3: Calculating loadings 23
Chapter 4: Assessment of fatigue 29
Chapter 5: Specifying materials 35
Chapter 6: Designing foundations, supports and structures 39
Chapter 7: Mechanical systems 43
Chapter 8: Controls: general requirements 47
Chapter 9: Safety related control systems 49
Chapter 10: Passenger units and containment 71
Chapter 11: Physical guards, barriers, fencing, etc. 85
Chapter 12: Electrical systems 87
Chapter 13: Information to be provided by Designers 97
Appendix 1: Common amusement device hazards 103
Appendix 2: Electrical safety of dodgem rides 107
Appendix 3: Variations from EN 13814 115
Index
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LEAVEBLANK
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Foreword
Thisguidance sets out what the Joint Advisory Committee on Fairgrounds and
Amusement Parks considers are appropriate measures for those involved in design,
and others in the industry, to work safely and comply with the law. The following
industry associations, in alphabetical order, together with the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) are represented on the Committee:
The Amusement Catering Equipment Society (ACES) 1 Delamere Road, Turf Hill,
ROCHDALE, 01-164XD. Tel: [phone]
The Association of Independent Showmen (AIS) 53 Lowick Gardens, Westwood,
Peterborough, PE3 7HD
TheAssociationofLeisureEquipmentSuppliersoftheUnitedKingdom(ALES)1stFloor,
74KilburyDrive,WORCESTER,WR52NG.Tel.[phone]Fax.[phone]
The British Amusement CateringTrade Association(BACTA) Alders House,
Aldergate LONDON, EC1A 4JA Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
The British Association of LeisureParks, Piersand Attractions (BALPPA) 57- 61
Newington Causeway, LONDON, SE1 6613. Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
4022 www.balppa.org
Health &SafetyExecutive (HSE) 375West George Street, GLASGOW,G2 41-W.
Tel: [phone] Fax:[phone]www.hse.gov.uk
The National Association for LeisureIndustryCertification (NAFLIC)PO Box 752,
SUNDERLAND, SR3 1XX.Tel: [phone]Fax: [phone] www.naflic.org.uk
The Showmen'sGuildof Great Britain (SGGB) 41 ClarenceStreet, STAINES,
TW184SY.Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
The Societyof Independent Roundabout Proprietors (SIRPS) 66 Carolgate,
RETFORD, DN22 6EF. Tel: [phone]
ThispublicationhasbeenwrittentakingintoaccountthecontentsoftheEuropeanStandard
EN13814:2004,modifiedwherenecessarytoconformtoBritishlegislationandthe
amusementindustry'sagreedandacceptedpractices(seeAppendix3).
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LEAVEBLANK
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Chapter 1
Design risk assessment
General
1. DesignRiskAssessment(DRA)istheprocessofassessingthehazardsthatthe
designofapieceoffairgroundequipment1maypose,thelikelihoodofthosehazards
causingariskandthecontrolmeasuresthatarenecessarytoadequatelycontrolthose
risks2. Designersshouldassessthesignificantrisksthatarisefromitssubsequent
assembly/disassembly,transport,inspection,maintenanceandoperation. ThisChapter
hasbeenpreparedasguidancefordesignersandothers,suchaspersonsimportingor
supplyingamusementdevices,onwhatinformationaDRAshouldcontain.
2. Effectivesafetymanagementemphasizestheneedtoassessandcontrolrisk. In
GreatBritainthisprincipleislaidoutintheManagementofHealthandSafetyatWork
Regulations1999andintheaccompanyingApprovedCodeofPracticeandGuidance.
3. TheRegulationsrequireemployersandself-employedpersonstocarryout
assessmentsofriskstothehealthandsafetyofthemselves(inthecaseofself-employed),
theiremployees,andothers.
4. Inadditiontothisgeneraldutytoassessrisk,thereisalsoanexplicitdutyplaced
uponthosewhodesignfairgroundridestoensurethattheyaresafe3. Safeinthiscontext
meanssafefortheoperators,attendantsandthosewhoinspectandmaintainan
amusementdeviceaswellasthemembersofthepublicwhoridethem. Bearinginmind
thatrisksaretypicallyheavilydependentondecisionsmadeatthedesignstage,theprocess
ofdesignriskassessmentiscrucialtoconfirmingthesafetyintegrityoftheride.
5. TheHealthandSafetyExecutiveandfairgroundindustryassociationsinGreat
Britain have produced guidance “Fairgrounds and Amusement Parks–GuidanceonSafe
Practice (HSG175)”. This introduced the idea of “Design Review” for amusement devices.
ThisistheprocesswhereaninspectionbodyregisteredwithADIPS,andindependentofthe
originaldesign,reviewsthesafetycriticalaspectstoensuretheintegrityofthedesign
1
An “article of fairground equipment' means any fairground equipment or any article designed for use as a
componentinanysuchequipment.
2
A “Hazard” means anything that can causeharm(e.g. chemicals,electricity,workingatheight,machinery,etc).
The “Risk” is the chance, high or low, that somebody will be harmed by the hazard.
3
ThelegaldutytoensurethatthedesignofafairgroundrideissafeiscontainedwithinTheHealthand
SafetyatWorketcAct1974(asamendedbytheConsumerProtectionAct1987),andassociated
RegulationswhichapplyinGreatBritain. InparticularinSection6(1A)&2oftheAct,whichstates:
(1A)Itshallbethedutyofanypersonwhodesigns,manufactures,importsorsuppliesanyarticleof
fairgroundequipment'—
a. toensure,sofarasisreasonablypracticable,thatthearticleissodesignedandconstructedthatitwill
besafeandwithoutriskstohealthatalltimeswhenitisbeingusedfororinconnectionwiththe
entertainmentofmembersofthepublic;
b. tocarryoutorarrangeforthecarryingoutofsuchtestingandexaminationasmaybenecessaryfor
theperformanceofthedutyimposedonhimbytheprecedingparagraph;
c. ……….
d. ……….
(2)Itshallbethedutyofanypersonwhoundertakesthedesignormanufactureofanarticleforuseatworkorof
anyarticleoffairgroundequipmenttocarryoutorarrangeforthecarryingoutofanynecessaryresearchwitha
viewtothediscoveryand,sofarasisreasonablypracticable,theeliminationorminimisationofanyrisksto
healthorsafetytowhichthedesignorarticlemaygiverise."
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assumptions(seeChapter13).
6. If a designer does not directly arrange for "Design Review” to be done, the industry
agreedguidanceHSG175makesitclearthatitwillbenecessaryforhimtoprovide
adequatedatatothemanufacturer,importerorsupplierasappropriatesothattheycanhave
itdone. Thedesigner'sriskassessmentisacrucialelementofthisdata.
7. FairgroundequipmentislargelyexcludedfromEuropeanDirectivesandis
specificallyexcludedfromtheMachineryDirective. Therearehoweveranumberofhelpful
EuropeanandInternationalStandardsdealingwithissuesofhazardandriskwhichhave
beenusedassourcematerialinthefollowingparagraphsofthisChapter. Theprincipleof
makinguseofsuchsourcesistomaintainsomeconsistencywithothertypesofmachinery
andstructures,wherethisisjustifiable.
8. Theadviceinthispublicationisbasedinpartonthe(Britishand)European
StandardEN10504-Safetyofmachinery. Principlesforriskassessment. Thisisa
StandardwhichmanyEuropeandesignersoffairgroundequipmentconsidertobe
appropriatewhendesigningamusementdevices. Riskassessmentprinciplesformachinery
arealsodevelopedinISO1412145. MuchofthecontentoftheseStandardscanalsobe
satisfactorilyappliedtootherequipmentsuchasstructures,althoughitisrecognizedthat
somevariationsarenecessaryintheapplicationofmachinerystandardstoamusement
devices.
9. Forinternationalterminologyrelatingtohazard,riskandrelatedmatters,ISO/IEC
Guide7356providesdefinitions.
More than one Designer - Responsibilities
10. It is normal for an amusement device design to combine a number of
different technical disciplines(e.g. structural,mechanical,hydraulics,electrical,lighting,
andcontrolsystems)whichmayinvolveinputfromdifferentdesigners. Evenwithinone
disciplinetheremaybegoodreasonformorethanonedesignertobeused(e.g. some
workmaybesubcontracted). Theremayevenbemorethanonedesignerassociatedwith
eachsinglecomponent-forinstance,onedesignermayprepareapassengercontainment
layout,anothermaydothestructuralcalculations,andyetanothermaycarryoutthe
ergonomicassessmentofit.
11. Wheremultipledesignersareusedeffectiveassessmentofallrelevantriskswill
needeffectivemanagementtoensurecompleteness.
12. Responsibilitiesaredetermined,atleastinpart,byallocationdownthecontractual
chainorchainofcommand. Forinstance,wheresubcontracts(whichareoftenverbal)are
placedtocarryoutpartsofthedesignormodificationstoanamusementdevice,each
personinthechainneedstoconsiderwhatrisksrelatetohisspecificundertakingandwhat
needstobedonetocontrolthem. Theextentoftheriskassessmentworkthateachof
thesevarioussubcontractorsneedstoundertakedependsontheextentoftheircontractsor
instructions.
13. ThisdutyiscreatedanditslimitsdefinedbyTheHealth&SafetyatWorketcAct
1974S6, subsection6(7),whichsaysthat:
4EN1050 Safetyofmachinery. Principlesforriskassessment
5ISO14121 Safetyofmachinery. Principlesofriskassessment
6ISO/IECGuide73 Riskmanagement. Vocabulary. Guidelinesforuseinstandards.
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(a) "Anydutyimposedonanypersonbyanyoftheprecedingprovisionsofthissection
shallextendonly... tomatterswithinhiscontrol."
14. Forexample,inthecaseofasinglecomponent(intheabsenceofspecific
instructionstothecontrary)itwouldnotbeexpectedthatthedesignerwouldhavetoassess
risksthatonlyarisewhenthecomponentiscombinedwithothercomponentswhichwere
designedelsewhere. Butastheindividualcomponentscometogetherthereisa
responsibilityonthepersonhigherupthecontractualchainorchain of command who
brings these items together toensurethattheassociatedrisksareproperlyassessedand
controlled. He,sincehemaynotpersonallyhavetherequiredexpertise,isatlibertyto
allocateorsubcontracttheriskassessmentofthecombinedassemblageofcomponents,
buthemaynotavoidtheresponsibilityforensuringthatitisdone.
15. Theintricaciesoftherelationshipsandtheallocationofresponsibilitiesmaybe
complexwhereamusementdevicesareconcerned. Subsection6(8)oftheHSWAct
recognizesthiscomplexityandthelimitsofresponsibility:-
(a) "(8)Whereapersondesigns... anarticleoffairgroundequipmentanddoessofororto
anotheronthe basis of a written undertaking by that other to take specified steps
sufficient to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the article will be
safe and without risks to health at all such timesasarementionedinparagraph(a)of
subsection(1)or,asthecasemaybe,inparagraph(a)ofsubsection(1)or(1A)above,the
undertakingshallhavetheeffectofrelievingthefirst-mentionedpersonfromtheduty
imposedbyvirtueofthatparagraphtosuchextentasisreasonablehavingregardtothe
termsoftheundertaking."
16. Thismeansthatapersonhigherupthecontractualchainorchainofcommand
maytakeresponsibility(inwriting)forthesafetyofworkthathehasundertakentodoon
behalfofanotherwhichwouldotherwisehavefallenonthatperson. Butnotethewords"to
suchextentasisreasonablehavingregardtothetermsoftheundertaking."Theintentisnot
toavoidsafetyresponsibilitiesbuttoclarifytheprocesswhenmorethanonepersonis
involved. Furthermore,therewillremainadutyonthefirstpersontopassadequate
informationabouthisworkupthechain.
17. HSG175,Appendix2outlinesthat,inmanagingthedesignprocessitmaybe
relevantto"identifythepeople,departmentsandorganisationsresponsibleforcarryingout
andreviewingsafety-relatedactivities". Bearinginmindsubsection6(8)oftheHSWAct
quotedabove,itmaybenecessaryforthis,orsomeofit,tobeinwriting-itwouldcertainly
begoodpractice.
18. Itmaybeappropriateforapersoncommissioningdesignwork,orapersonwho
importsorsuppliesanamusementdevice,toappointapersontoco-ordinatethework
(whichmaybehimselfifhehasappropriatecompetence)andtoinformtherelevantparties
inwriting. Thatpersonshouldcheckthewayinwhichtheelementsofthedesigncombine
andhavethefinalresponsibilityformakingsurethateverysafety-relatedaspecthasbeen
covered
Amusement Devices - Risk Assessment in Great Britain
19. TheinformationinthisChapterdrawsonknowledgeandexperienceofdesign,
operation,incidents,accidentsandresultantharmassociatedwithfairgroundand
amusementparkmachineryandstructures.Someknownhazardsareidentifiedfor
considerationinastandardisedassessmentprocess,butanyDRAmayneedtotakeinto
accountadditionalhazardsnotmentionedhere.
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