Safe Decommissioning for Nuclear Activities : proceedings of an International Conference on Safe Decommissioning for Nuclear Activities, held in Berlin, 14-18 October 2002

553 Pages·2003·5.9 MB·English

by  International Atomic Energy Agency

SAFE DECOMMISSIONING
FOR NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
Proceedings of an International Conference
Berlin, 14–18 October 2002
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SAFE DECOMMISSIONING
FORNUCLEARACTIVITIES
The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:
AFGHANISTAN GHANA PANAMA
ALBANIA GREECE PARAGUAY
ALGERIA GUATEMALA PERU
ANGOLA HAITI PHILIPPINES
ARGENTINA HOLY SEE POLAND
ARMENIA HONDURAS PORTUGAL
AUSTRALIA HUNGARY QATAR
AUSTRIA ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
AZERBAIJAN INDIA ROMANIA
BANGLADESH INDONESIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BELARUS IRAN,ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF SAUDI ARABIA
BELGIUM IRAQ SENEGAL
BENIN IRELAND SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
BOLIVIA ISRAEL SEYCHELLES
BOSNIA AND ITALY SIERRA LEONE
HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA
SINGAPORE
BOTSWANA JAPAN
SLOVAKIA
BRAZIL JORDAN
SLOVENIA
BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN
SOUTH AFRICA
BURKINA FASO KENYA
SPAIN
CAMEROON KOREA,REPUBLIC OF
SRI LANKA
CANADA KUWAIT
SUDAN
CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA
SWEDEN
REPUBLIC LEBANON
SWITZERLAND
CHILE LIBERIA
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA
TAJIKISTAN
COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN
THAILAND
COSTA RICA LITHUANIA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV
CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA
CYPRUS MALI TURKEY
CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE
OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
DENMARK MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND
ECUADOR MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND
EGYPT MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC
EL SALVADOR MYANMAR OF TANZANIA
ERITREA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ESTONIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY
ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN
FINLAND NICARAGUA VENEZUELA
FRANCE NIGER VIETNAM
GABON NIGERIA YEMEN
GEORGIA NORWAY ZAMBIA
GERMANY PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE
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© IAEA,2003
Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be
obtainedby writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency,Wagramer Strasse 5,P.O.Box 100,
A-1400Vienna,Austria.
Printed by the IAEA in Austria
August 2003
STI/PUB/1154
PROCEEDINGS SERIES
SAFE DECOMMISSIONING
FOR NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON SAFE DECOMMISSIONING FOR NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
ORGANIZED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
AND HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY
THROUGH THE BUNDESAMT FÜR STRAHLENSCHUTZ
AND HELD IN
BERLIN,14–18 OCTOBER 2002
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA,2003
IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
International Conference on Safe Decommissioning for Nuclear Activities
(2002 :Berlin,Germany) Safe decommissioning for nuclear activities :
proceedings of an International Conference on Safe Decommissioning
for Nuclear Activities / organized by the International Atomic Energy
Agency and hosted by the Government of Germany through the
Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz and held in Berlin,14–18 October 2002.
— Vienna :The Agency,2003.
p.;24 cm.— (Proceedings series,ISSN 0074-1884)
STI/PUB/1154
ISBN 92-0-109703-4
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Nuclear power plants — Decommissioning — Congresses. 2.
Nuclear facilities — Decommissioning — Safety regulations —
Congresses. I.International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series:
Proceedings Series (International Atomic Energy Agency).
IAEAL 03-00332
FOREWORD
Thousands of operations involving the use of radioactive substances will
end during the current century.While there is considerable regulatory experi-
ence in the ‘front end’ of the regulatory system for practices,the experience at
the ‘back end’ is more limited as fewer practices have actually been terminat-
ed.When a practice is terminated because the facility has reached the end of its
useful life,action has to be taken to ensure the safe shutdown of the facility and
allow the removal of regulatory controls.There are many issues involved in the
safe termination of practices.These include:setting criteria for the release of
material and sites from regulatory control; determining the suitability of the
various options for decommissioning nuclear facilities,managing the waste and
material released from control (recycling,reuse or disposal),and the eventual
remediation of the site.Some countries have put in place regulatory infrastruc-
tures and have developed programmes to manage the associated decommis-
sioning and remediation activities.Other countries are at the stage of assessing
what is involved in terminating such practices.
The purpose of this international conference was to foster an exchange of
information on the safe and orderly termination of practices that involve the
use of radioactive substances, including both decommissioning and environ-
mental remediation, and to promote improved coherence internationally in
strategies and criteria for the safe termination of practices. The conference
explored seven main topics:the overall magnitude of the problem;regulatory
approaches and safety strategies;status and development of decommissioning
technologies;planning and implementation;funding approaches and strategies;
consideration of social issues;and criteria for the removal of regulatory con-
trols.This publication,which constitutes the record of the conference,includes
the opening speeches,invited papers,summaries of the panel discussions and
sessions,the Conference President’s summary and the findings of the confer-
ence.A CD-ROM containing the unedited contributed papers in this confer-
ence can be found at the back of this book.
The IAEA gratefully acknowledges the support and generous hospitality
extended to the conference by the Government of Germany through the
Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS).
EDITORIAL NOTE
The Proceedings have been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent
considered necessary for the reader’s assistance.The views expressed remain,however,the
responsibility of the named authors or participants.In addition,the views are not neces-
sarily those of the governments of the nominating Member States or of the nominating
organizations.
Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information con-
tained in this publication,neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsi-
bility for consequences which may arise from its use.
The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any
judgement by the publisher,the IAEA,as to the legal status of such countries or territo-
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construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the
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rights.
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copyrighted by the IAEA,as publisher,only to the extent permitted by the appropriate
national regulations.
CONTENTS
OPENING SESSION
Opening Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
T.Taniguchi
Opening Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
E.Warnecke
Opening Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
M.Breitenkamp
Opening Address — Safe nuclear decommissioning:
Need for an international common approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A.J.González
Opening Keynote Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
W.Renneberg
MAGNITUDE OF THE DECOMMISSIONING TASK (Session 1.A)
Magnitude of the nuclear decommissioning task
in Africa and West Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
P.J.Bredell,L.C.Ainslie,R.G.Heard
Magnitude of the decommissioning task in North America and Mexico,
including the US Department of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
P.M.Bubar,B.R.Clark
Magnitude of the decommissioning task in South and East Asia
and Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
M.Tanaka,S.Yanagihara
Magnitude of the decommissioning task in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
D.Mertin,K.Schiffer
Decommissioning of nuclear installations in the
research framework programmes of the European Commission . . . . . . 91
H.Bischoff,J.A.Hoyos Pérez
Decommissioning of Italian nuclear installations:
Experience and future plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
G.Bolla
REGULATORY APPROACHES
AND SAFETY STRATEGIES (Session 1.B)
The IAEA’s decommissioning concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
D.W.Reisenweaver
Co-operation and consensus in the development
of decommissioning approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
G.J.Dicus
Regulatory challenges in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities
in the United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
L.G.Williams
Regulatory approach and nuclear safety requirements
for termination of operations and decommissioning
of nuclear power plants in Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
S.A.B.Kutas
Decommissioning and the Joint Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
G.C.Jack
STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF DECOMMISSIONING
TECHNOLOGIES (Session 1.C)
Status and development of decontamination and dismantling techniques
for decommissioning of nuclear installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Fr.-W.Bach,R.Versemann,P.Wilk
Status and development of nuclear power plant
decommissioning technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
T.Ishikura
Decommissioning of uranium–graphite nuclear reactors
and radioactive waste handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
V.V.Vainshtein,M.I.Abramov
Virtual reality technology and nuclear decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
G.Rindahl,T.Johnsen,F.Øwre,Y.Iguchi
DECOMMISSIONING STRATEGIES AND REGULATIONS
(Session 2.A)
Regulatory methods and issues in decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
C.Paperiello,G.Gnugnoli,A.Snyder
Safety issued in decommissioning,strategies and regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
F.E.Taylor
Decommissioning of the nuclear facilities at the
Risø National Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
M.Bagger Hansen,K.Larsen