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Ryukyu endemic Mycalesis butterflies, speciated vicariantly due to isolation of the islands since 1.55 Ma PDF

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Preview Ryukyu endemic Mycalesis butterflies, speciated vicariantly due to isolation of the islands since 1.55 Ma

TThheLee piLdeoppteiidoloopgitcaelrSooclieotygical Society ooff JJaapapnan uet wa Lepidopter aScience 66 (1) 8:-14, May 2015 Ryukyu endemic Adycalesbiustterfli essp,eciated vicariantly due to isolati oofn the island ssince 1.55Ma Soich iOsozAwAi)* ,Mayumf TAKAHAsHI2) and John WAKABAyAsHI3} i) Department of Earth Sciences ,Graduate Schoo lof Scienc el,bhoku Uniyersi tSeyn,dai ,980-8578 Japan 2) Lepidopterologic Saolciety of Japan I,bkyo ,192-O063 Japan 3) Department of Eart hand Environmenta 1Sciences ,Californi Satat eUniversit yF,resn oC,A 93740 ,USA Abstract XNb analyzed the mitochondrial COi gene and drew phylogeneti tcrees of M),ealesi bsushbrown butterflies in eastern Asia. In the Ryukyu island bsl,ycalesi msacijicosa amamiana is distribut eond the Amami-Okinawa islands, and M)Jcates miacsijicosa maaijicosa is distribut eodn the Yheyama islands I.n the phylogene ttirece, these Ryukyu endemic M. madyicosa species constitute a sister group wjth Mycalesi gsotama distribu tien dJapan, Tsushima, southern Korea, southern China T,hiwan, and Viet Nam. Ihis would reflect the isolat ioof nthe Ryukyu islan dats 1.55 Ma, although speciation of M);calesi msacijicosa into two subspecies through the Kerama strait, and speciation of Afycales giostama nanda in Taiwan from the other M. gotama subspecies was probably delayed by 1 m,y. The Tsushima populatie nof M. gotama julgi ins ionlay slightly differentia tferdom the main Japan populatiQ ni,ndicating tha tthe Tsushima strai twould act as oniy a mild barrie rfor nkycalesis. Key wordsBEAST; China, Japan M,EGA, ML phylogeneti tcree, raxmlGUI, Tbiwan. Introduction The Kerama strait is a wide and deep strait also formed ARRmta)eyri.cuon lekuCanygno tudhbn gies segialoidsal nenaonrd tgiiwrs ee hinn rsateutecigghl tisn1 s e.vr an5epoeif5 wsdMll tyyathi e g(s peaoOrpptoaesirnpi oainoohtnzvesgandeaevsde sw e fpottasrf aaiho llogt.mwe ,hna ote2tg h0 Ooee1 tkoCr2highs;a nriFt aanitwpeghahs.eie1c b(bT(aryahOFe rre si eirT ogxfiIpoz,t eeAekciavtr)a neewc .nrdgeAoat na s ataf neldmoai,p ,n r oc tYr2othabn0hensne1ese ao2qeAuu g; msreuFenalncimaeigt i, ,is-tvtIoOer Alktaoy)ihni tl.a nssy t atIoa rwtfr tomeaw nat goyhalle y s-ei Oofnhskld alyeisvimaunniecngca hdaw c sa tsba sepnatpdedrrec coi raietusieshg s,eaehrs rttehciaenadrischdlvoiglelnaasmegha nttidt crgncdheu edcfeOitr oirv oi e riienvss,dmnerip oaceunscacnttiridh iaiete orasorGlyf n.osnapt tnl iar oInanosdufp psc i seigvnaeecegsegicsr,oa ooits ttlflssiihi a oo,nemaf ntagdt tyo,ici h rooa coenni ntfa tbdR thi lewynt io uphsu aueerkc ls odcoyinod ussntut sl oise ciatuqteusgunhtgecl de ene ltasssc mphteisnregp d e heaR sttcs tuyh,oemhlf auanaehjt k to ttaertsyh,dovhui-ees ThFtiYeaoxnsaisappduvgoee lse.cy o TthaIgeaaiymAdlimsa)o aw, i toiafaeaonsnxn n Fdidh tl,isrhaa t eTegvenas ldn,peidI ea nsbcrBsiats,eeid,wisnedevpacicnee etn lcsti g yttosbir1en,vaa a.neil(l5tesys5F r e ,aMta idh(olat gnrteF Ie .hd(ietiAo nh O e)guiIJn s.gs. dAaT geho)ppmhe.iazr eocInea l n,se Cowxe aehgpadtsneiidp ctaienct lltceaa s,iiydhh,-loe ansliK2,l oos0 twr1t,atrreh2eoeeae;r,y, shown BfeambagnnLeriredc,coginee msamrde2it u agcrf0tsate l1lhei,bo2 eo ewe ) sncamf i,pccaaHrseohi ucnnooe itlsxwmeiaipe snenetssedvcunhl, tectfeeaha rdrnAl, ods hae mmi baaa fca esnh asenytpb aw ecceticoeo einusmieetnmrl nsni o d.eansniteinewsn do dt coWin tl oe sidtabpwesei ty cdlaeid e eexalassodlii nly snp ctdyn eg oe s ts(cereca pnOn ssalerceispi aoatnfsrrseosadltiattdzyi ret oerla,in ae nanb bwadsnteuynatdted Ipiao(ssbunfhtF bdayst1iiethl.n iege5toId u.5 BgttaMa)ihbe aoo, ernn v,aecene la diistr aena tbio,tdrlcuec eoeerw neep ( sheiwe eydovnceuopa.drllnoadeug ttt nPiic .ht oaoaoe,nfnlfpis uabtir rd hwsacroeo ta aupeptitl eor dts.e fueh cilve oSb voirf uree eeice wtucvfah tesyta ,rsllf hai.ayf, u s i rrseata2ucdtth0m .eae e11 I td0c.fia a)t5cn n ,tn h5 gbuoa iMaadn blsaesdiees ndahalarursvoe woe et rIbo segheli nsa gctcoarnakinieiacttjste, dii ImO onaa knna ditd,odn iIfatrOiwoiranom,{m sioiatnmt g eataljneid imim es[as l I,faobbfnkr dleasxosa,wmh pslieeka, ilj emiaavnymdeal,s ewGrxieettenrhvaaBpl aoullnaeatktesDedsdDeB r Jtgpoe hooy tldhloeaorgtg iasec p,nOeaec sliitoenisz fca towwriratemh eeas t ut nbiactaeo.r sn t(.eaUi2ds nio0n nc1g a 3tl rihd)ebeber uapiatolbitoos vniaen- toderd 'CorTespondingauthor:[email protected],acjp NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan Speciati oofn Ryukyu endemic Mycalesis 9 A Korea E Japan. i, ' l""t goM, /M. francis cpaerdiccasx 32inN ・. lx -y・1ani river ・t.t/・tin M. g o t a af gini a K'," b{ //./・・ ttt t tt "t:・t"stc. ll・/ . .I'l .., 1i,'i . / ytt t t t ttt -//tttr t t - ',t・'3,it tl".1'1 M. gota a ny28f,' 2 B eennddeemic species in ntycalesissubspecies Japan M. gotarr] fau/ginia China-Korea M. gotama gotema Amami-Okinawa M, meopcosa amaniiana Yaeyarna M mecijicosa tnaaiicosa Taiwan M, gotama nanda outgroupspecies " 1.5Ma 1.0Ma O.5Ma OMe Fig. 1. A: Incl emxap of Ryukyu island sand distributio nmaapl of M),cale spseciiess and subspecies. The island swere formed due to isolati fornom the Asian continent and subsidence, due to rifting and opening of the Okinawa trough starting at 1.55 Ma and continuing to the presen tB,: Expected tree topology of Ryukyu endemic insec tspecies in Amami-Okinawa-and Yaeyama, but containing other endemic species in Japan, China-Korea, and Taiwan. Correspondi nMgycalesis subspecies are shown, Fifth furcatio ant 1 .55 Ma is a consequence of contemporaneous formati oofn sea strait sbarriers. NII-Electronic Library Service TThheLee piLdeoppteiidoloopgitcaelrSooclieotygical Society ooff JJaapapnan 10 S.OSOZAWA et al. describe gdeologic maodlel, and showed strong evidence Orsotriaen maedus medus (Fabrici u17s7,5) is the for such vicariant speciation of four Ryukyu insect outgroup specles, species. However, that tree basical lfyurcate fsOu rways. In that model, the Tsushima and Thiwan straits did not Materials and methods act as barrier fsor these species, whereas the Chinese Specimen central plai nmight have been a barrier. M)?cates i nslu,mobecrsa,lit iscpoeelsclie,ecsti ngan dd astueb s,paencdie scol lencatmoerss aroef In this pape rwe analyze the mitochondrial COJ sequence registered in GenBankfDDBJ, Samples are mostly of butterf lspyecimens of endemic Mycalesis species collected by the senior author, The accession numbers distribut eidn the Ryukyu island s,as well as those in with specimen numbers, species and subspecies names, Thiwan ,Japan ,Korea ,China ,and Viet Nam, It is valid to and simplified locali tnyames are shown in Fig s2 and 3. avnaarllyaztelon ss.pecies to species, becaus etree topologies have Whole body samples with wings were stored in ethanol collection bottl east normal temperature. However, in Mycalesis gotama Moore, 1858 (Lepidoptera,order to avoid degradatio onf DNA, we stored leg swith Nymphalidae, Satyrinae )a,nalyzed in this paper ,is an some muscle in ethanol 1.5 mL tube, and the tube and east Asian bushbrown butterf ispyecies. It does not occur resting bQdie swere stored in a freeze art -30'C, imiosnr pnlhoaorltnohdgei mscwaelr ,eCh ionnac,e aen cdoclo ongtsiihcdaeel repdopu l aanaat lisyuso binissp,sne ctihe es .aRnydu k yBbuyy MA(an2ma0ml1ay3ltaii bac Dmn)aNel.tAGhoe densxotrm aaicrtcei oDndNe AwsacsrM idibone nidiepn r uOessipnogKz iaGtwebany EalnSudit geOmTbaMa- eRgMaxnoy)pdtu,ea rkcMmiya)maeul,n,ec t saMaT lilolmaseyaok(srit ijgieiso hc, otcasra1saomh9s s ai(5iB Mn81u got9iolr s7 eetd8, rh iec,)1 osv18neic86 l58dus8,dpe ee edidcniind neetsmth iote c hitraewn ts oitJM no ayfsRpp yceeaacunasi ktelayesnr;eudn,sisApJLHlraCCdipO0oma1r2en4i 1r9cB9hs0 a,8ar r aceGnoT dG odAT neApC AaoAtfCrAh TteCL TlA iwCNyAfeAubMepGc C,aIGlgMnGeeAiToAtGSA iAp GoaCifttCn f iBA@f( vaATMherAiTcAtsGoAstGd,u, pjf ebn:fygCl A Toffa wkA awnriwam . .aCajlOnsdbI,oli,orgl). MMFAiFYs1eyrosnqa8rcuitjeei6aheaoiy 8rsls, soa eeTetokmvc,feasooaa r nkira, h1sl1iasfi i89sshem st5l 7ap arscas81as,5 iu jn9phboi scn cd1eipooo (e s1srnf(ca tti s1 FefahisMi9e,oniyn A 8scr JgfammI1 a.ualfaA p t)enuMiaMm)s jhyyrnii(ice csct S aaoardnhalse ldn eaee ddmeetsf aris iaTat OvisiBiskjiksulua i dmictssh gadeol)nhatso dye.iisaattjrmhhcwia ,aeicama (1o,itasa t81swamM 6aeol9>.m8a spi f7gsaBncot ip9onnudtaeaats) ctsnll aidal,tgeeanmheissdaenrii,sa (BtbifuqshadluFaiaseiinort geneclc i-tska mons pi]CdedbafyO reiye o Ieamfrrit inae ndnngLiabygi lg is oiu,fntcs,r hehe oe dd1(atai hts9hp bnel9f ,itruyC4ot tt O)ir atpI .sna eAiil,ysrmm cfheaoifcol/stsrl otwtpir l wr ge(doeaowrsinnlovoo.lng uui ugia g npernhpbntigs roomo h, uea lTgilt sthh."hgtoeheee hon g blr tI are tydgtn geoavotffsreau feeng)npeqitrecue,sadtt en g,ienr)eaa vce,n tefeg6tdiii o4iioosn8ffnnhya,l gotama gotama Moore, 1858 in southern Korea (not variations among species:' collected and the data is from GenBankfDDBJ) and The above universal primer samplify a 648 bp COI southern China ,A(ycalesi gsotama nanda Fruhstorfer, sequence: it sresolution is therefore sufficient and 1908 in [[hiwan ,and M)pcale sgiostama charaka Moore, convenient for the purpose of barcoding animals 1874 in northern Indochin a(simp dliestribu tmaipon is in includin ginsect sin order to investiga tienterspecies Takahashi ,1979) T,hese subspecies are also analyzed in variations. The purpose of the presen tpaper is to obtain this papet We call these bushbrown butterli tehse an accountable phylogeneti ctree with suitable base Adycales igsotama group. substitutions and to compare the topologie sin each We also analyzed another bushbrown butterf Mi)y,c,alesis Miasla(nF dpiogpIu.Bl)a.tio nto the island si'solati oenvents at 1.55 francis c(aSto l1l7,80) ,although this species is not distribut iend the Ryukyu island sI,t sanalyzed subspecies Go[[b qGreen Maste rMix, Promega ,but changed to G2 are; M)Jcalesi fsinncis pceradiccas Hewitson 1,862 in type ,was used fbr PCR. Temperatur eof incubatio wnas Japan (no dtistribut iend Tsushima, but in Okino-shima) at 94"C fbr 60 seconds (twic efor G2), denaturati oant and southern Korea (no tamplified and the data is from 940C for 40 seconds, annealing at 450C for 40 seconds, GenBankfDDBJ), A4)pcalesisfranc iustciaa Fruhstorfer, extension at 720C for 60 seconds, cycled 5 times, in 1908 in China, Mycalesis francis fcoarmosana addition, denaturati oant 94"C for 40 seconds, annealing Fruhstorfer ,1908 in Taiwan, The other analyzed at 51OC for 40 seconds, extension at 720C for 60 seconds, bushbrown butterf isypecies are; Mycalesis zonata cycled 35 times ,and fina lextension at 720C for 5 Matsumura, 1909 and its grouped species, and minutes, followin gEppendorf PCR Program for COI NII-Electronic Library Service TThheLee piLdeoppteiidoloopgitcaelrSooclieotygical Society ooff JJaapapnan Speciati oofn Ryukyu endemic A(ycalesis 11 offered by the Consortiu mfbr the Barcod eof Life P,CR Discussion pCrIoedaunc- tUwa psSy sptuermi, fPire odumsiengga . WSiezqauredn cSiVn gG weasl a nddo nPe CbRy Vicarian stpeciation of M),cales igsotama group Operon Biotechnolo ganyd Macrogen Japan ,and more The tree topology made by MEGA5, raxmlGUI, and than 600 bp COI sequence was readable for each sample. BEAST is concordant, and therefbre reliable. As noted in Osozawa et at. (2013 )ou,r evolutionary In the Ryukyus M),calesi sM,. ma(ijicosa amamiana in analyses were cenducted using MEGA5 (MolecularAmai-Okinawa island sand M, ma`ijicosa macijicosa in Evolutiona Greynetic sAnalysi s5; Tamura et at., 2011), YAeyama island sconstitute two major clades II Iand IV Base substitutions were checked to be not saturated by a (Fig 2s and 3) ,Contemporaneously M,. gotama divided functio ninclude din MEGA5. The Maximum likelihood into clade II of Taiwan and the other cladeI of Japan, (ML) tree was linearize dto visualize the tree time Tsushima, Korea, China ,and Viet Nam (Fig 2s and 3), ibnecernepmeansts sWe,ed. Scoinmfuirlmta tnheao tutshe bmrolaecnuclahrin cgltoicmke tiesnt hthaes We do not put 1.55 Ma at the nodes above, but at the phyl ogenetic tree can be calibrated at 1. 55 Ma nMo.d eg obteatmwae e(n Fthie g 3t,Awo), mTahjoer e xcpllaadneats ioofn M ,i ms atayhiac toosnaly atnhde ctaohsrseru emspeptvoionoldnuistn,igon It t o rsaththoeue l tdiims eOb sseto rfoi azicntas laowytlat arcatacilt cioouvfnle(a t t2hef0dee 1aits3 ul)wrai ,tenohfdo su att,nhde bYviaocrnarraiigaeun trno ifs p estcthireaa tiitOoskn i( naFta wi1ag. 5 .I5 tAMr)ao u,wg eahrne da ntdehf afett cththei ev TeKoek rataro amcaa uaasnnded presen tpaper ,as well as et at, Taiwa nstraits (Fi gI,A) did not act as an effective barrier Tbpology check was done by drawing phylogene ttircee fOr ILfycale sait sthis time. (RandomizAexedlerateMdaximum uLtshiiekn gter lreiaexh m,FloGiUo IgGdTUrIe; e v v1S1,,3i4,l 2v.e swta srano dus eMdi.c halak ,2011 ) .[[b draw Tciohsnelsia shntasd (bs ioFfti ad gtIao,Afr) k M. fI.o n rmceaotsnittjr siawcs,hotis,ca hth ei ahrn eat bhpeir teR saoyfetu nMk ty.o nug o ftioasrmleaas nitdensd The topology was also checked by BEAST vl.8.0 Taiwan, Vietnam, China, and Japan is known to be in (Bayesi aEnvolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees; open rice field osn the side of hill s(Takfih a1s9h7i9),, Drummond et al., 2012) ,BEAUti vl.8.0, BEAST v1.8,O, The habit adtifferen bceetwee nM. macijicosa and M, Trace rv1,6, TreeAnnotato rv1,8.0, and finall FyigTree gotama is shown in tree topology (clad eI sand II vs v1.4,2 were run, Substituti roante for COI calculated by clades II Iand VI; Figs 2 and 3). MEGA5 was entered in BEAUti. M>,cales igsotama charaka in Vie tNam and especially M. ResultsDescription gotama gotama in southern Korea is differenti fartoemd the remaining M, gotama subspecies (Fig 2s and 3) .M, gotama gotama in China is not differenti aftroemd M. P3amrcagnnaonh.o addnddyTtece lo hairBoem dt,bg baa sMlnyey, wt Lin JiBrnteXaEh et4xbtAa mi4 erStltrc5etGrThi9eUwe eIzm8ee a e4se tedixfd,ern sc be sesFoiephr iuMtisob tgi)ws hyson .,esh n2rhocMAnow aEwno n lGnaoKeAnf od s5F oro ani ienaB sgr ab ,e..F F ri 3aisias nBhggnsdo. h. .cw o32nTbhw ABrneo.,e tf oeTw na oMhnet nd.Feoe pi nF eMtgglFiLhoo isgge2tg y. at ,2ta3rmrn AeiAdea,ese gtJatbfex hhoaaumpeetprrie ncaarcCTotmniarOseaeetdIu srisjg C e,ohpfuse onieiooln(qmfpusggaFte uer fnihiqclsua entgura sprieics2athn in aaitJi t at oana cmlcidrabplnyao eyaua (s, lndtnt e3Fs, thi)(h hiem (ae iF dg lvFpIToia.erBsrie ge)us2 eg s.s2sx asi enahnasndonindttdtem d l as 3 3atyp coa))aocbb ,s ot,lpFi raeuodain nrl adeva m detiotrwhncyiieg toa fhlfntwoe a oiuattttrkrnhhhtmtegeeahsrt, For the M),cales itsree (Fi g2s and 3) ,M. gotama and M. 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Taiwan, M . francisプicOarmoαsna is deepl ydifferentiate d Jn.t Geol. Rev.54:1369−1388. into two population(sFigs 2 and  3), although  these two Osozawa , S., Z. H. Su, Y Oba, T. Yagi, Y Watanabe and J, are externally  indistinguishab、 lTehe Yilan basin is a   Wakabayashi,2013. Vicarian tspeciation due to l55 Ma westem  extension  of the Okinawa trough(Fig. l A), and   isolati oonf the Ryukyu islan,d Jsapan, based on geologic鼠a may  have acted as a barrie tro differenti aMt. efrancisc a and GenBank data. Ent. Sci.16:267−277. formosa.na Papadopoulo,A.,1. Anastasio uand A. R 〜bg正er,2010. Revisiting   the insec tmitochondrial  molecular  clock :The Mid −Aegean Mycalesis zonata and  it sgroup build a major  distinct   Trench Calibrat,i Moonl, Bio,l Evol.27:1659−1672. ci(lFtaidsgees   l2hf farasno dsmi  3mti)hl.ea rot hseerqu eMnc)e,csal esbiest wsepeecni eTsai, wbaunt  Man, dz oCnhatiana  TSai kltveienhdsat sr,f hoDo, ir .M RaAn.dx,M 1IL.9 M7i8. c. OhIrangtt. aeDk−ri,sv2ue0brs1ps1. e,Ecrivafxoimtlc.G U1hI2y:b33r;5iag−d r3aos3pfh7i.“caMIyca fireosnit・s Evolutionar ryate     g“ospteaeimeas M”o,or1「ye”α厂(iL∫e, pliedpoipdt. eSro;acS.atノyαrノブiadna )e2an9d: r1ev7i5sj一o二n9 0of, t(lhen   Japalles weith English abstract ) According to Fig.3A, base substitution  rates  of COI TakEhashi, M ., i 979、 Butterfli, eosbservation  from the Fuji−kawa gene are estimated  to be 156 %1m,y, for Mycalesi.s   vaHey  to Japanese islands, PP.243. Tukiji Shokan Tcohmepislee dva lbueys O saorez acwoamp aetr aablle,(20 1t3o) ,t ahnodse l .e7s7tim%ate1dm.y . awnads  Ta k5Phuabsh[ils,h Min .gC,o1.9, L8tLd ,,ITn〔t}keyr−os,u Jbsappecalnfi.c〔In J acrpoassniengse) between assumed  by Papadopou leto al.(2010).   M .vcalesis  gotama fbelgi Fnriuhastorfe rand  M  madjieosa   amamiana  Fujiok. aTrans. lepi. dSoc.丿ゆαη32:94−100.(ln Acknowledgments   Japanes weith Englis ahbstract) Tak6hashi, M .,1987. Final insta rlarva of M },calesis  fran,cscia Y.Oba gave analytical infbrmatio nand read an earlier   formosa nFaruhstorfe(rLepidoptera, Satyrina)ein Taiwan version  of the manuscripts . K. Sekine offered a tutorial   (Formosa). Trans. tepi.d∫oc. Japan 38:247國249.(In on calibration  in BEAST . We thank  H. Fukuda, H .   Japane sweith English abstract) Yamada, K. Nakaya, J. Tsubouchi, T. Ito, Y Hori for Tamura, K,, D , Pctcrso,n N. Peterso,n G. Steche,r M . Nei and S, making  available  Japaneseル!ycαlesi ssamples , and  A.   Kumar ,2011.MEGA5 :Molecular evolutionary  genetics Mishima for making  available China Mycalesi ssamples .   analysis  using  maximum  likelihoo, devolutionary  distanc,e WTeic hthfaonkr B.−MJahn , C.−H. Tsai, N. V. VUong, and V. V.     a2n7d3 1m−a2xi7r3nu9m.  parsimon ymethods . Mot . Biol. Evot.28:    supporting  sample  collection  and  obtaining permissio nto collect. 摘 要 References 琉球固有種としての崎・calesis 属のチ ョ ウ,それらのL55Ma Drumrnond, A. J.,M ,A . Suchar, dD, Xie and A, Rambaut,2012. 島嶼化による異所的種分化 (遅沢壮一・高橋真弓・John   Bayesian phylogonetic swith BEAUti and  the BEAST  L7. WAKAB 苗ASHI)   Mol. Biol、 Evol.29:1969−1973. 琉球の島嶼化は沖縄トラフとそれに付随する海峡群の形成 FQImer,0., M . Black, W . HQeh, R. Lutz and R. Vrigenhoe,k によるが,対馬海峡と台湾海峡も含めて,1.55Ma に開始し   1994.DNA  primer sfor amplification of mitochondrial ていると考えられる.琉球を含むMycalesisttについての線   Fu  kucidynatQv,cehHrr[Qe.mb,erEat.eHsa ,mcルa foox,ilT.da.ルsK1eとuz兀z uBsyuiabou,nl,i AtB,iTo aIt kefacrhh,oa3ms: h2di9,i4Mv−e2,rT9sa9e .kmaehtaazsoahni,B. 形い化てしはた,M1L,55樹Ma形の図同で時は5, 分M岐ycがal期es待i sgでotきamるα.のこグれルーらのプにミつト                       Tanaka, H. Tanaka, M . Wakabayashi and  Y. Watanabe, コ ン ドリアCO顧 域 の 配列 を得て, MEGA5 以外 に も,   1992.The lif ehistor ioefs butterf iiin eJsapa,n voL IV, pp. raxmlGUI とBEAST による樹形図を作成した.対馬海峡は   373.Hoikusha Publishin gCQ. Lt〔L, Osaka,〔In Japanese 障壁として不十分で,結果は4分岐であっ たが,異所的種   with  Engli sahbstract ) 分化を支持するものである.またそのCOiにつ い ての塩基 Osozawa, S. and  Y Oba,2013a. lnsec tDNA  analytic  manual  for 置換速度も正確に求まっ た,上記グループ以外の他の   amateur , par tl.lns. DIVA Res. Newslett e1r8:35−40.(ln Mycatesiのs種につ い ても樹形図を作成し,系統を調べ た. Japanese    ) O so zaamwataeu, rS、 a, npda rYt  2O.b∬ans,2. 0D1N3Ab、  lRnesse.c〈 tD1eNwAsle atntaelry t1ic8: m1an0u−a1l6. f(Ionr (Received March l 3,2014. Accepted January 21,2015) Japanese    ) Osozawa, S.,R. Shinj, oR. A  ig, Y. Watanabe, T. Horiguchi and   J,Wakabayashi,2012. Palaeogeographi creconsmlction  of   the l 55 Ma synchronous  isolat ioofn the Ryukyu Islan,ds   Japan, and  Taiwan and inflo wof the Kuroshio warm  current . 一 NNI工I工-EEllecetcrotnirconic  LLiibrbarryary  Service

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