Rye: Genetics, Breeding, and Cultivation

382 Pages·2013·43.494 MB·English

by  Rolf H J Schlegel

LIFE SCIENCE
Schlegel
RYE
Genetics, Breeding,
RYE
and Cultivation
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Owing to its considerable winter hardiness, rye is a cereal that played a major Y
role in the feeding of European populations throughout the Middle Ages.
Recent data shows that rye is grown on about 5.4 million hectares, with a world E
production of approximately 13 million tons. While still an important bread food
in many countries, rye produced for bread making has decreased or stagnated,
whereas production is increasing for other market segments. Particularly, rye
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for feeding, ethanol processing, and biogas is promoted in Europe.
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The first comprehensive monograph on rye, Rye: Genetics, Breeding, and Cultivation e
Genetics, Breeding,
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gathers all the relevant and historic information from botany and genetics to utilization
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and sustainability of rye. The book covers taxonomy, morphology, and other botany-
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related aspects of rye. It describes its physiology, cytology, and genetics, including , and Cultivation

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use for genetic improvement of other cereals. The author addresses various types of
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breeding such as population, hybrid, and molecular breeding. He also discusses rye e
cropping, including seeding techniques, fungal and viral diseases, and predators. e
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The book examines the various uses for rye beyond bread making. This includes n
feeding, biomass and biogas production, ethanol production, and other important g
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characteristics such as phytosterol content and antioxidant activity. It also explores
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the nutritional value of rye. Written by a leading expert in the field, this monograph n
compiles the most important facets of rye research, past and present. d

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K15939_cover.indd 1 8/16/13 12:57 PM
RYE
Genetics, Breeding,
and Cultivation

RYE
Genetics, Breeding,
and Cultivation
Rolf H. J. Schlegel
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Contents
List of Figures ...........................................................................................................xi
List of Tables ............................................................................................................xv
Preface.....................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xxi
Author ..................................................................................................................xxiii
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
Chapter 2 Botany ..................................................................................................9
2.1 Origin ........................................................................................9
2.2 Taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy .................................................11
2.3 Gross Morphology ...................................................................21
2.3.1 Plant Height ................................................................22
2.3.2 Spike ...........................................................................25
2.3.3 Spikelet .......................................................................26
2.3.4 Peduncle .....................................................................26
2.3.5 Rachis .........................................................................26
2.3.6 Node and Internode ....................................................27
2.3.7 Glume .........................................................................27
2.3.8 Lemma........................................................................28
2.3.9 Awn ............................................................................29
2.3.10 Palea ...........................................................................29
2.3.11 Flower .........................................................................30
2.3.12 Floret ..........................................................................30
2.3.13 Spike Differentiation ..................................................30
2.4 Root System .............................................................................31
2.5 Seeds ........................................................................................33
2.5.1 Seed Formation, Germination, and Xenia .................37
2.5.1.1 Seed Formation ...........................................37
2.5.1.2 Germination ................................................38
2.5.1.3 Sprouting .....................................................38
2.5.1.4 Xenia ...........................................................38
2.5.2 Long-Term Storage of Seed ........................................40
2.6 Flowering, Fertilization, and Apomixis ..................................43
2.6.1 Flowering ....................................................................43
2.6.2 Fertilization ................................................................44
2.6.3 Incompatibility ...........................................................44
2.6.4 Apomixis ....................................................................45
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vi Contents
2.7 Rye Genebanks and Collections ..............................................47
2.7.1 Reproduction of Genebank Accessions ......................48
Chapter 3 Physiology ..........................................................................................51
3.1 Life Cycle ................................................................................51
3.1.1 Generative Features ....................................................51
3.1.2 Vegetative Behavior ....................................................56
3.2 Cold Tolerance .........................................................................57
3.2.1 Cytoplasm ...................................................................57
3.2.2 Hardening ...................................................................57
3.2.3 Inheritance ..................................................................58
3.2.4 Antifreeze Activity .....................................................59
3.3 Drought Tolerance ...................................................................60
3.4 Nutrition ..................................................................................63
3.4.1 Macronutrients ...........................................................63
3.4.2 Micronutrients ............................................................64
3.4.2.1 Iron ..............................................................64
3.4.2.2 Copper.........................................................66
3.4.2.3 Zinc .............................................................68
3.4.2.4 Manganese ..................................................71
3.4.2.5 Boron ..........................................................73
3.4.2.6 Molybdenum ...............................................73
3.4.2.7 Chloride ......................................................73
3.5 In Vitro Behavior .....................................................................73
3.5.1 Embryo Culture ..........................................................74
3.5.2 Tissue Culture ............................................................74
3.5.3 Protoplast Culture.......................................................75
3.5.4 Anther Culture and DHs ............................................77
3.5.4.1 Pollen Culture .............................................77
3.5.4.2 Doubled Haploids .......................................77
3.5.5 Somaclonal Variation .................................................79
3.6 Preharvest Sprouting ...............................................................80
3.7 Vernalization ...........................................................................81
Chapter 4 Cytology .............................................................................................85
4.1 Genome Structure ....................................................................85
4.2 Chromosome Number .............................................................89
4.3 Karyotype and Homeology .....................................................91
4.3.1 Karyotype ...................................................................91
4.3.2 Homeology .................................................................96
4.3.3 Neocentric Activity ....................................................97
4.4 Chromosome Pairing ...............................................................98
4.4.1 Meiotic Cycle .............................................................98
4.4.2 Prophase Pairing and Bouquet Stage .......................100
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Contents vii
4.4.3 Initiation of Synapsis ................................................103
4.4.4 Haploids and Chromosome Behavior .......................103
4.4.5 Diploids ....................................................................105
4.4.5.1 Variation of Chromosome Pairing ............105
4.4.6 Tetraploids ................................................................109
4.4.6.1 Chromosome Pairing in Egg
Mother Cells .............................................109
4.4.7 Triploids ....................................................................110
4.4.7.1 Chromosome Pairing in Different
Genetic Backgrounds ................................110
4.5 Sporogenesis ..........................................................................112
4.5.1 Microsporogenesis and Pollen Development ...........112
4.5.1.1 Unreduced Gametes ..................................114
4.5.1.2 Gametocides .............................................115
4.5.1.3 Pollination and Fertilization .....................116
4.5.1.4 Embryo Development ...............................116
4.5.1.5 Endosperm Development ..........................116
4.5.2 Macrosporogenesis ...................................................117
4.6 Primary Aneuploids ..............................................................117
4.6.1 Primary Trisomics and Telotrisomics ......................117
4.6.2 B Chromosomes .......................................................119
4.6.2.1 Midget Chromosomes ...............................123
4.7 Reciprocal Translocations .....................................................123
4.8 Genetic Donor for Other Crops .............................................124
4.8.1 α-Amylase Inhibitor .................................................125
4.8.2 Aluminum Tolerance ................................................125
4.8.3 Thaumatin ................................................................126
4.8.3.1 Genome Additions ....................................127
4.8.3.2 Chromosome Additions ............................127
4.8.3.3 Chromosome Substitutions .......................127
4.8.3.4 Chromosome Translocations ....................128
Chapter 5 Genetics ............................................................................................131
5.1 Nomenclature and Designation of Genes ..............................131
5.2 General ..................................................................................144
5.2.1 Microdissection ........................................................151
5.3 Chromosomal and/or Regional Localization of Genes
and Markers ...........................................................................151
5.4 Linkages ................................................................................168
5.5 QTL Mapping ........................................................................177
5.6 Physical Mapping ..................................................................183
5.7 Comparative Mapping ...........................................................185
5.8 Gene Regulation ....................................................................189
5.9 DNA and Gene Transfer ........................................................191
5.9.1 Glutenin ....................................................................192
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viii Contents
Chapter 6 Cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic Male Sterility, and Restorer .....................193
6.1 Cytoplasm ..............................................................................193
6.1.1 Chloroplast ...............................................................195
6.1.2 Chlorophyll Mutants.................................................195
6.1.3 Mitochondrial Genes ................................................196
6.2 Alloplasmic Rye ....................................................................196
Chapter 7 Breeding ...........................................................................................199
7.1 Diploid Rye ............................................................................204
7.1.1 Population Breeding .................................................205
7.1.1.1 Mass Selection ..........................................205
7.1.1.2 Family Selection .......................................205
7.1.1.3 Inbreeding .................................................207
7.1.1.4 Crossbreeding ...........................................209
7.1.1.5 Population Breeding .................................209
7.1.2 Synthetics .................................................................213
7.1.3 Hybrid Breeding .......................................................215
7.1.3.1 Production of Seed Parents .......................217
7.1.3.2 Pollen Parents ...........................................218
7.1.3.3 Restorer .....................................................218
7.1.3.4 Production of Hybrid Seed .......................220
7.1.4 Molecular Breeding ..................................................223
7.1.5 Mutation Breeding....................................................245
7.1.6 Interspecific and Intergeneric Crosses .....................250
7.1.6.1 Interspecific Crosses .................................250
7.1.6.2 Intergeneric Crosses..................................253
7.2 Tetraploid Rye ........................................................................257
7.2.1 Perennial Tetraploids ................................................260
7.3 Dual-Purpose Rye .................................................................261
7.4 Breeding Activities, Varieties, and Institutions
Worldwide .........................................................................261
Chapter 8 Rye Cropping ....................................................................................265
8.1 No-Till Rye ............................................................................267
8.2 Seeding ..................................................................................268
8.2.1 Soil Type ...................................................................269
8.2.2 Water ........................................................................269
8.2.3 Nutrition and Dressing .............................................270
8.2.3.1 Micronutrients ..........................................271
8.2.4 Temperature ..............................................................271
8.2.4.1 Harvesting .................................................272
8.3 Diseases, Susceptibility, and Resistance ...............................272
8.3.1 Bacterial Diseases ....................................................272
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Contents ix
8.3.1.1 Bacterial Streak
(Xanthomonas campestris) .......................272
8.3.1.2 Halo Blight (Pseudomonas
coronafaciens pv. coronafaciens) .............274
8.3.2 Fungi .........................................................................274
8.3.2.1 Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) ......................274
8.3.2.2 Leaf Rust (Brown Rust) ............................277
8.3.2.3 Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.
secalis) ......................................................279
8.3.2.4 Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe graminis) ......280
8.3.2.5 Scab or Head Blight [Fusarium
graminearum (anamorph) syn.
Gibberella zeae] ........................................280
8.3.2.6 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium
culmorum) .................................................281
8.3.2.7 Ramularia Leaf Spots (Ramularia
collo-cygni) ...............................................282
8.3.2.8 Anthracnose [Colletotrichum
graminicola syn. Glomerella
graminicola (teleomorph), Alternaria
sp., and Cladosporium herbarum] ............282
8.3.2.9 Black Head Molds [Alternaria
sp., Cladosporium herbarum syn.
Mycosphaerella tassiana (teleomorph),
Epicoccum sp., Sporobolomyces sp.,
and Stemphylium sp.] ................................282
8.3.2.10 Pink Snow Mold, Fusarium Patch, or
Snow Mold [Microdochium nivale syn.
Fusarium nivale syn. Monographella
nivalis (teleomorph)] .................................282
8.3.2.11 Leaf Spots (Rhynchosporium secalis) ......282
8.3.2.12 Strawbreaker, Eyespot, or Foot Rot
[Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
syn. Tapesia acuformis (teleomorph)] ......283
8.3.2.13 Take-All (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ....283
8.3.3 Viruses ......................................................................284
8.3.3.1 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ......................284
8.3.3.2 Tobacco Rattle Virus ................................284
8.3.3.3 Soil-Borne Viruses ...................................284
8.3.3.4 Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus ........285
8.3.3.5 Soil-Borne Cereal Mosaic Virus ..............285
8.3.4 Insects, Nematodes, and Other Predators ................287
8.3.4.1 Curl Mite (Aceria tosichella) ....................287
8.3.4.2 Fall Armyworm
(Spodoptera frugiperda) .........................288
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC