Rust high performance: learn to skyrocket the performance of your Rust applications

265 Pages·2018·3.213 MB·English

by  Eguia Moraza, Iban

Rust High Performance
Learn to skyrocket the performance of your Rust applications
Iban Eguia Moraza
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Rust High Performance
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing
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First published: March 2018
Production reference: 1270318
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
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ISBN 978-1-78839-948-7
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To my father, Manu, and to the memory of my mother, Arantza, for giving me all the
opportunities I had in my life, and for being there when I most needed it.
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Contributors
About the author
Iban Eguia Moraza is a passionate Rust developer. He has a bachelor's degree in computer
engineering and a master's degree in information and communication security. He has over
10 years of experience in web development, and since 2015, he has been developing Rust
applications.
Iban loves space exploration and the latest technologies. In this regard, he has developed
open source software for stratospheric balloons from the ground up, and he now works at
the CERN particle physics laboratory. He likes to travel to learn from the most experienced
people.
This book would not have been possible without the moral help of my dad and coworkers.
They were really motivating when I was struggling to find enough time to write the book. I
also have to thank the Rust community for always being helpful in fixing all my issues and
questions. Without doubt, it's the most friendly and welcoming community I have ever
encountered in software development.
About the reviewer
Daniel Durante is an avid coffee drinker/roaster, motorcyclist, archer, welder, and
carpenter whenever he isn't programming. From the age of 12, he has been involved with
web and embedded programming with PHP, Node.js, Golang, Rust, and C.
He has worked on text-based browser games that have reached over 1,000,000 active
players, created bin-packing software for CNC machines, embedded programming with
cortex-m and PIC circuits, high-frequency trading applications, and helped contribute to
one of the oldest ORMs of Node.js (SequelizeJS).
He has also reviewed the following books for Packt:
PostgresSQL Developer's Guide
PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performance
Rust Programming By Example
I would like to thank my parents, my brother, my mentors, and friends who've all put up
with my insanity of sitting in front of a computer day in and day out. I would not be here
today if it wasn't for their patience, guidance, and love.
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apply today. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just
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submit your own idea.
Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Common Performance Pitfalls 7
Asking the Rust compiler about performance 8
Optimizations 8
Build configuration 10
Optimization level 10
Debug information 10
Link-time optimizations 11
Debug assertions 13
Panic behavior 14
Runtime library paths 14
Translation issues 15
Indexing degradations 15
Using iterators 17
Iterator adaptors 18
Real-life example 22
Specialized adaptors 22
Interaction between adaptors 23
Itertools 24
Borrowing degradations 26
Cyclomatic complexity 27
Summary 28
Chapter 2: Extra Performance Enhancements 29
Compile-time checks 29
Sequential state machines 32
Complex state machines 34
Real-life type system check example 36
Extra performance tips 38
Using closures to avoid runtime evaluation 39
Unstable sorting 40
Map hashing 41
Perfect hash functions 43
Standard library collections 45
Sequences 45
Maps 46
Sets 47
Summary 47
Chapter 3: Memory Management in Rust 48
Table of Contents
Mastering the borrow checker 48
Allocations 49
Mutability, borrowing, and owning 51
Lifetimes 53
Memory representation 55
Alignment 55
Complex enumerations 56
Unions 58
Shared pointers 60
The cell module 60
Cells 60
RefCell 62
The rc module 63
Summary 64
Chapter 4: Lints and Clippy 66
Using Rust compiler lints 66
Lints 67
Avoiding anonymous parameters 67
Avoiding heap allocated box pointers 67
Avoiding missing implementations 68
Enforcing documentation 69
Pointing out trivial casts 69
Linting unsafe code blocks 70
Unused lints 71
Variant size differences 73
Lint groups 73
Clippy 74
Installation 74
Configuration 75
Lints 75
Casting 76
Bad practice 76
Performance lints 78
Unwraps 79
Shadowing 79
Integer overflow 79
Lint groups 79
Summary 80
Chapter 5: Profiling Your Rust Application 81
Understanding the hardware 81
Understanding how the CPU works 82
Speeding up memory access with the cache 83
Cache misses 84
How can you fix it? 84
Cache invalidation 85
[ ii ]
Table of Contents
CPU pipeline 85
Branch prediction 87
The relevance of branch prediction for our code 89
Profiling tools 90
Valgrind 90
Callgrind 91
Cachegrind 93
OProfile 94
Summary 96
Chapter 6: Benchmarking 97
Selecting what to benchmark 97
Benchmarking in nightly Rust 99
Benchmarking in stable Rust 104
Continuous integration for benchmarks 106
Travis-CI integration 106
Benchmark statistics with Criterion 109
Summary 112
Chapter 7: Built-in Macros and Configuration Items 113
Understanding attributes 113
Trait derivations 114
Crate features 122
Configuration attributes 123
Macros 125
Console printing 125
String formatting 125
Compilation environment 126
Loading byte arrays and strings at compile time 126
Code paths 126
Checking preconditions and postconditions 127
Others 127
Nightly Rust 128
Conservative trait return 128
Constant functions 129
Inline assembly and naked functions 130
Using bigger integers 131
Single instruction multiple data 131
Allocation API 132
Compiler plugins 132
Summary 133
Chapter 8: Must-Have Macro Crates 134
Working with external data 134
Data serialization and deserialization 135
Serializing and deserializing complex structures 139
[ iii ]