Russia’s Long Twentieth Century: Voices, Memories, Contested Perspectives PDF
Preview Russia’s Long Twentieth Century: Voices, Memories, Contested Perspectives
Russia’s Long Twentieth Century Covering the sweep of Russian history from empire to Soviet Union to post-Soviet state, Russia’s Long Twentieth Century is a comprehensive yet accessible textbook that situates modern Russia in the context of world history and encourages students to analyze the ways in which citizens learned to live within its system and create distinctly Soviet identities from its structures and ideologies. Chronologically organised but moving beyond the traditional Cold War framework, this book covers topics such as the accelerating social, economic, and political shifts in the Russian empire before the Revolution of 1905, the construction of the socialist order under Bolshevik government, and the development of a new state structure, political ideology, and foreign policy in the decades since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The authors highlight the polemics and disagreements that energize the feld, discussing interpretations from Russian, émigré, and Western historiographies and showing how scholars diverge sharply in their understanding of key events, historical processes, and personalities. Each chapter contains a selection of primary sources and discussion questions, engaging with the voices and experiences of ordinary Soviet citizens and familiar- izing students with the techniques of source criticism. Illustrated with images and maps throughout, this book is an essential introduction to twentieth-century Russian history. Choi Chatterjee is Professor of History at California State University, Los Angeles. She is the author of Celebrating Women: Gender, Festival Culture and Bolshevik Ideology, 1910–1939 (2002), co-author of The Twentieth Century: A Retrospective (2002) and co-editor of Everyday Life in Russia Past and Present (2015) and The Russian Experience: Americans Encountering the Enigma, 1890 to the Present (2012). Lisa A. Kirschenbaum is Professor of History at West Chester University. She is the author of Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1932 (2001), The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1945–1991 (2006), and International Communism and the Spanish Civil War (2015). Deborah A. Field is Professor of History and Director of Women’s and Gender Studies at Adrian College, Michigan. She is the author of Private Life and Communist Morality in Khrushchev’s Russia (2007) and winner of the Adrian College Teaching Excellence Award. This page intentionally left bank Russia’s Long Twentieth Century Voices, memories, contested perspectives Choi Chatterjee, Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, and Deborah A. Field First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Choi Chatterjee, Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, and Deborah A. Field The right of Choi Chatterjee, Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, and Deborah A. Field to be identifed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-415-67036-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-67037-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-62184-5 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton Contents List of fgures vi List of maps ix Publisher’s acknowledgments xi An introduction for students and instructors 1 1 Empire and modernization 5 2 Modernity, war, and revolution 26 3 Constructing the socialist order 47 4 Making a new world and new people 69 5 Revolution from above 91 6 Making sense of Stalinism: enthusiasm and terror 111 7 The Great Fatherland War and the origins of the Cold War 131 8 Cold War, culture, and everyday life 155 9 Paradoxes of the Thaw 176 10 An era of stagnation? 196 11 Gorbachev and the truth paradox 216 12 Russia after 1991: change and continuity 235 Maps 255 Index 267 This page intentionally left bank Figures 1.1 T hree generations of workers 10 1.2 S outhern part of the village of Nyrob and entrance into the village. View from the bell tower in 1910 16 1.3 M axim Gorky, a famous Russian writer, in 1910 17 2.1 V illage of Paltoga, 1909 28 2.2 L eo Tolstoy in Iasnaia Poliana in 1908 32 2.3 P ortrait of a Philosopher by Lyubov Popova, 1915 36 3.1 I n an undated photograph (perhaps around 1918), Trotsky addresses the Red Guard 57 4.1 A Central Asian woman in a paranji, c. 1905–1915 76 4.2 A 1924 Soviet advertising poster by Alexander Rodchenko 79 5.1 T he Cathedral of Christ the Savior 91 5.2 A 1932 poster reads: “By the end of a fve-year plan collectivization should be fnished” 96 5.3 K azimir Malevich, A Girl with a Red Pole, 1932–1933 106 6.1 A 1936 poster by Viktor Govorkov shows Soviet children thanking “dear Stalin” for their “happy childhood” 120 7.1 R ussian delegates to the International Youth Assembly, Washington, DC, 1942 140 7.2 P hotograph taken during the Teheran Conference, 1943 142 7.3 A Letter from the Front by Aleksander Laktianov, 1947 144 8.1 T he main caption reads “Phrases and . . . Bases” and the American politician is shouting “Peace, Defense, Disarmament” (1952, by Viktor Ivanovich Govorkov) 158 8.2 A Soviet exhibit in Moscow, 1959 167 8.3 K hrushchev and then Vice President Richard Nixon, live on American television at the American National Exhibit in 1959 173 9.1 S tudents outside Patrice Lumumba University in 1961 182 10.1 A 1972 poster that reads: Make sure that serious boozers can’t get to your construction site! 205 11.1 G orbachev’s calendar image from 1990 217 12.1 M embers of Pussy Riot awaiting trial, 3 August 2012 248 This page intentionally left bank Maps 1 T he Trans-Siberian Railway and the expansion of the Russian empire from Muscovy to 1917 256 2 Russia during World War I 258 3 The Russian Civil War 259 4 Labour camps in European Russia 260 5 World War II on the eastern front 261 6 The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe 1949–1968 262 7 The republics and autonomous regions of the Soviet Union in 1970 264 8 The collapse of the Soviet Union 1990–1991 266
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