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RUS SIAN NUCLEAR ORTHODOXY This page intentionally left blank DMITRY (DIMA) ADAMSKY R U SS I A N N U C LE A R O RT H O D OX Y Religion, Politics, and Strategy STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS STANFORD, CALIFORNIA Stanford University Press Stanford, California ©2019 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Ju nior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any informa- tion storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free, archival- quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Adamsky, Dmitry, author. Title: Rus sian nuclear orthodoxy : religion, politics, and strategy / Dmitry (Dima) Adamsky. Description: Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018041926 (print) | LCCN 2018043465 (ebook) | ISBN 9781503608658 (e- book) | ISBN 9781503608054 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781503608641 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear weapons— Russia (Federation) | Nuclear weapons— Government policy— Russia (Federation) | Nuclear warfare— Religious aspects— Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov. | Church and state— Russia (Federation) | Church and state— Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov. | Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov— Political activity. | Rus sia (Federation)— Military policy. Classification: LCC UA770 (ebook) | LCC UA770 .A573 2019 (print) | DDC 355.02/170947—d c23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2018041926 Typeset by Westchester Publishing Ser vices in 10.75/15 Adobe Caslon For my grand mother, who took me as a child to walk and draw in the yard of the Novodevichy Monastery. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowl edgments ix List of Terms and Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 PART I The Genesis De cade: 1991–2000 15 2 State- Church Relations 17 3 Faith- Nuclear Nexus 29 4 Strategic Mythmaking 69 PART II The Conversion De cade: 2000–2010 83 5 State- Church Relations 85 6 Faith- Nuclear Nexus 105 7 Strategic Mythmaking 150 PART III The Operationalization De cade: 2010–2020 171 8 State- Church Relations 173 9 Faith- Nuclear Nexus 196 10 Strategic Mythmaking 224 11 Conclusion 233 12 Epilogue 243 viii Contents Abbreviations Used in the Notes 257 Notes 259 Index 341 ACKNOWLE DGMENTS This book was the longest, and one of the most difficult and amazing, proj ects I have ever done. I had been thinking about it and collecting materials since 2010, but t hings did not pro gress. There w ere vari ous reasons for that, plus writer’s block. Then, every thing changed. The muse, who brought unmatched inspiration, came to me in May 2015. This en- counter has enormously empowered me in certain ways and im mensely complicated my life in o thers. That said, I guess I was more fortunate than not and was grateful to the muse. Uri Bar- Joseph provided me with ideas for all my previous books. This is the first book that I conceived myself. Still, I was fortunate to have him as my teacher and mentor during this proj ect. Coffee sessions on the bench in the yard of the old Jaffa church enabled me to better imagine the book, not to lose faith, and to complete the proj ect. The book’s theme was prompted by conversations with Jacqueline Newmyer Deal, Andrew W. Marshall, and Stephen P. Rosen. Their questions made me pay greater attention to what u ntil then looked like just a footnote in my larger work on Rus sian nuclear strategy. Their inter- est, encouragement, and advice in the following years enabled me to structure the book. I am grateful to several Rus sian, American, Eu ro pean, and Israeli scholars, officials, and clerics who provided counsel and assistance, on the condition of anonymity. My conversations with one of them in par tic u lar have been indispensable over the years. He has been very generous with his time, attention, and wisdom. I benefited enormously from his phe- nomenal knowledge of religious affairs and history. His genuine faith and devoted ser vice has given me a better sense of the Rus sian Orthodoxy coming from the heart and mind of a true believer.