Eugene Huskey RUSSIAN LAWYERS AND THE SOVIET STATE The Origins and Development of the Soviet Bar, 1917-1939 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Copyright © 1986 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book ISBN 0-691-07706-1 Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Paul Mellon Fund of Princeton University Press This book has been composed in Linotron Bodoni Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and binding matenals are chosen for strength and durability. Paperbacks, although satisfactory for personal collections, are not usually suitable for library rebinding Printed in the United States of Amenca by Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey RUSSIAN LAWYERS AND THE SOVIET STATE To my family, all of whom share in this enterprise Contents List of Tables ix Preface xi Introduction 3 Chapter One The Emergence of a Russian Legal Profession 11 Chapter Two The Bar in Decline: The Russian Lawyer in Revolution and Civil War, 1917-1921 34 ChapterThree The Bar Restored, 1922-1927 80 ChapterFour The Bar under Siege, 1928-1932 143 Chapter Five The Bar and the Triumph of Stalinism, 1933-1939 180 Chapter Six Conclusion: The Bar and the Transformation of Soviet Professions 223 Glossary of Russian Terms 229 Bibliography 233 Index 243 List of Tables Table 1.1 The Distribution of Advocates in Late Imperial Russia, 1910 19 Table 1.2 TheDeclineofPrivateAdvocates 21 Table 1.3 The Growth of the Russian Bar 21 Table 3.1 Membership in the Soviet Bar in 1927: RSFSR and Selected Regions 99 Table 3.2 The Social Backgrounds of Leningrad Advocates 100