Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, 1821-1844

313 Pages·2015·6.289 MB·English

by  Lucien J. Frary

OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,27/5/2015,SPi
OXFORD STUDIES IN
MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY
GeneralEditors
simon dixon mark mazower
james retallack
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,27/5/2015,SPi
Russia and the Making of
Modern Greek Identity,
–
1821 1844
LUCIEN J. FRARY
1
3
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Acknowledgments
Atfirst,IconceivedofthisworkasacritiqueofPaulSchroeder’smagisterialstudy
of the transformation of modern European politics based on the cosmopolitan
approachofFrancoVenturi’smonumentalanalysisoftheItalianEnlightenment.It
began with a vision that I realize, in hindsight, was overly ambitious for a first
monograph. Fortunately, the tradition of Mediterranean, Slavic, and Eastern
Orthodox studies at the University of Minnesota inspired me to focus on one
aspect of the revolutions and reforms taking place within the European periphery
during the Congress of Vienna era. I was especially fortunate to move in this
direction, since the posthumously published book by the late Richard Stites, The
Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe, provides a splendidly
original impression of the crises and insurrections emerging on the European
fringesduringthisperiod.
ManyindividualsworkinginRussianandGreekarchivesandlibrariesrendered
metimelyandprofessionalassistance.MuchoftheGreekresearchwasconducted
attheGennadius LibraryinAthensandfacilitated byitshelpfulstaff,particularly
AndreasSideris,SoulaPanagopoulou,DimitrisVelentzas,andMaryStavropoulou.
In Athens, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou paid special attention to my project at a
preliminary stage, and in Thessaloniki, the staff at the Institute of Balkan Studies
provided valuable assistance. I have spent nearly two academic years and many
summersworkinginthereadingroomsofRGADA,AVPRI,GARF,RGIA,IRLI,
the Russian Public Library, the Russian State Library, and elsewhere in Moscow
and St Petersburg. At AVPRI, Natalia V. Borodina and Alla V. Abramenkova
deservespecialthanksforhelpingmemakethemostofmyvisits.Tothewonder-
fully friendly staff at the State Public Historical Library in Moscow, I give a
resounding thank you. Rider University’s Interlibrary Loan filled many lacunae,
and access privileges to the amazing riches of the Firestone Library at Princeton
Universityhavebeenveryimportant.
Since the 1990s, the ready response and assistance of Dr Timothy O’Connor
have made numerous research stints in Russia possible, and I am grateful for his
continued friendship. In Moscow, for more than fifteen years, Liudmilla
N. Dorofeevoi has opened her home and dacha to me, and I would like to thank
her and her family for countless hours of laughter, learning, and conversation.
Correspondence with Lora Gerd of St Petersburg State University and Olga
E.PetruninaofMoscowStateUniversityhasbeeninspiring.
As a graduate student atthe Universityof Minnesota, I benefittedgreatly from
many devoted scholars who helped me focus my intellectual curiosity. It is my
pleasuretothankProfessorEricD.Weitz,nowDeanofHumanitiesandArtsand
Distinguished Professor of History at the City College of New York, for his
kindness in advising me about many topics over the years. I am indebted to
Professors J. Kim Munholland and Gary Jahn for overseeing my intellectual
vi Acknowledgments
development at an early stage. Professor David O. Kieft deserves special acknow-
ledgment for his genuine interest, encouragement, and generosity. Theophilus
Prousis, Distinguished Professor of History at Northern Florida, has been one of
my most valuable critics and advisors. In addition, I am truly grateful for the
continued guidance and support of my friends and colleagues David Goldfrank,
Mara Kozelsky, Joe Gowaskie, and Tom Callahan. Ani Chikovani and Medea
Metreveli, both outstanding scholars of Modern Greek Studies at Tbilisi State
University,havemywarmestthanksfortheirmanykindnessesovertheyears.
IwishtoexpressmygratefulthankstotheDelegatesofOxfordUniversityPress
for undertaking the publication of this book, and to all the members of the press
who have been concerned in any way with its appearance in print. Funding has
comefromthreesources:SummerResearchFellowshipsandaResearchLeavefrom
RiderUniversityhavebeenfundamental.TheUniversityofMinnesota’sDoctoral
DissertationFellowshipenabledmetospendnearlytwoyearsinGreeceandRussia
doing preliminary research, and the Basil Laourdas Fellowship allowed me to
conceptualizetheprojectatanearlystageaswellascomposeit.
Theofanis G. Stavrou, the world’s leading promoter of Greek-Slavic studies,
professor of Russian and Near Eastern history and director of Modern Greek
StudiesattheUniversityofMinnesota,ismostresponsibleforwhatisworthwhile
within this study. Since I first met him he has been an amazing source of
inspiration,andIamdeeplygratefulforhiswisdom,guidance,andencouragement.
Lastly, my family has provided me with an inexhaustible reserve of support.
Idedicatethisbooktomylovingwife,Elena,andtoouryoungsonNikolaHristov.
LucienJ.Frary
Lawrenceville,NJ
January2015
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,6/5/2015,SPi
Contents
ListofMapsandFigures ix
ListofAbbreviations xi
NoteonTransliteration,Names,andDates xiii
Introduction 1
1. RussiaandtheMovementforGreekIndependence 18
2. FromAnarchytoAbsolutism 54
3. AutocephalyandFacetsofOrthodoxy 93
4. TheRussianEcclesiasticalMissionandtheDefenseofOrthodoxy 123
5. SecretSocieties,ArmedRebellions,andOracularProphecies 167
6. AbsolutismunderSiege 204
Conclusion 241
Bibliography 251
Index 285

List of Maps and Figures
MAPS
1. GreeceandSurroundingRegions,1820–56. xiv
2. ExpansionoftheGreekKingdom. xv
FIGURES
1.1. SurpriseattackontheTurkishCampatZeituniinSeptember1824.Color
engravingbyJ.HussbiegelafterChristianGottfriedHeinrichGeissler
(1825).CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,
BrownUniversity. 36
1.2. PresidentofGreeceIoannisKapodistrias,fromSergeiGlinka,Kartina
istoricheskaiaipoliticheskaiaNovoiGretsii(Moscow:Tip.AvgustaSemena,
1829). 41
2.1. TheodorosKolokotronis,fromSergeiGlinka,Kartinaistoricheskaia
ipoliticheskaiaNovoiGretsii(Moscow:Tip.AvgustaSemena,1829). 58
2.2. ArrivalofHisMajestyKingOthoninNafplion,February6,1833.
LithographicplatebyI.B.DreseliandGustavWilhelmKraus(1833).
CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,BrownUniversity. 63
2.3. KingOthonofGreeceinnationalcostume.GustavWilhelmKraus(1840).
CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,BrownUniversity. 70
3.1. AdamantiosKorais,AristotelousPolitikontasozomena
(Paris:I.M.Everartos/FirminDidot,1821). 99
4.1. KonstantinosOikonomos,fromG.S.Destunis,“Ozhizniitrudakh
K.Ekonomosa,”Strannik3(1860),facingp.1. 140
4.2. Othon,KingofGreece,bidsfarewell.December1832.Lithographby
G.PodtafterPhilippvonFoltz.CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitary
Collection,BrownUniversity. 156
5.1. KingOthoninnationaldress.CourtesyoftheBayerischeVerwaltung
derStaatlichenSchlösser,GärtenundSeen. 174
5.2. GreekCaptainleadshispalikaria,c.1835.LithographbyP.HessafterKrazeisen,
printedbySelb.CourtesyoftheBayerischeVerwaltungderstaatlichen
Schlösser,GärtenundSeen. 193
6.1. AmbassadorGavriilKatakazy,fromA.V.Nekliudov,Staryeportrety.
Semeinaialetopis,2vols(Nice:n.p.,1932–3). 206
7.1. ImperialBearsGrease(Greece)orapeepintofuturity.London:T.McClean,
1828.WilliamHeath(artist).CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitary
Collection,BrownUniversity. 243