StAntony’sSeries GeneralEditor:JanZielonka(2004–),FellowofStAntony’sCollege,Oxford Recenttitlesinclude: Li-ChenSim THERISEANDFALLOFPRIVATIZATIONINTHERUSSIANOILINDUSTRY StefaniaBernini FAMILYLIFEANDINDIVIDUALWELFAREINPOSTWAREUROPE BritainandItalyCompared TomilaV.Lankina,AnnekeHudallaandHelmutWollman LOCALGOVERNANCEINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE ComparingPerformanceintheCzechRepublic,Hungary,PolandandRussia CathyGormley-Heenan POLITICALLEADERSHIPANDTHENORTHERNIRELANDPEACEPROCESS Role,CapacityandEffect LoriPlotkinBoghardt KUWAITAMIDWAR,PEACEANDREVOLUTION PaulChaisty LEGISLATIVEPOLITICSANDECONOMICPOWERINRUSSIA ValpyFitzGerald,FrancesStewartandRajeshVenugopal(editors) GLOBALIZATION,VIOLENTCONFLICTANDSELF-DETERMINATION MiwaoMatsumoto TECHNOLOGYGATEKEEPERSFORWARANDPEACE TheBritishShipRevolutionandJapaneseIndustrialization Ha˚kanTho¨rn ANTI-APARTHEIDANDTHEEMERGENCEOFAGLOBALCIVILSOCIETY LotteHughes MOVINGTHEMAASAI AColonialMisadventure FionaMacaulay GENDERPOLITICSINBRAZILANDCHILE TheRoleofPartiesinNationalandLocalPolicymaking StephenWhitefield(editor) POLITICALCULTUREANDPOST-COMMUNISM Jose´EstebanCastro WATER,POWERANDCITIZENSHIP SocialStruggleintheBasinofMexico ValpyFitzGeraldandRosemaryThorp(editors) ECONOMICDOCTRINESINLATINAMERICA Origins,EmbeddingandEvolution VictoriaD.AlexanderandMarilynRueschemeyer ARTANDTHESTATE TheVisualArtsinComparativePerspective October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-i 9780230_545496_01_prexii AilishJohnson EUROPEANWELFARESTATESANDSUPRANATIONALGOVERNANCEOF SOCIALPOLICY ArchieBrown(editor) THEDEMISEOFMARXISM-LENINISMINRUSSIA ThomasBoghardt SPIESOFTHEKAISER GermanCovertOperationsinGreatBritainduringtheFirstWorldWarEra UlfSchmidt JUSTICEATNUREMBERG LeoAlexanderandtheNaziDoctors’Trial SteveTsang(editor) PEACEANDSECURITYACROSSTHETAIWANSTRAIT C.W.Braddick JAPANANDTHESINO-SOVIETALLIANCE,1950–1964 IntheShadowoftheMonolith IsaoMiyaoka LEGITIMACYININTERNATIONALSOCIETY Japan’sReactiontoGlobalWildlifePreservation NeilJ.Melvin SOVIETPOWERANDTHECOUNTRYSIDE PolicyInnovationandInstitutionalDecay JulieM.Newton RUSSIA,FRANCEANDTHEIDEAOFEUROPE JuhanaAunesluoma BRITAIN,SWEDENANDTHECOLDWAR,1945–54 UnderstandingNeutrality HelenBelopolsky RUSSIAANDTHECHALLENGERS RussianAlignmentwithChina,IranandIraqintheUnipolarEra StAntony’sSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–71109–5(hardcover) 978–0–333–80341–7(paperback)(outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand oneoftheISBNsquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-ii 9780230_545496_01_prexii Russia and the Challengers Russian Alignment with China, Iran, and Iraq in the Unipolar Era Helen Belopolsky InAssociationwith StAntony’sCollege October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-iii 9780230_545496_01_prexii ©HelenBelopolsky2009 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2009by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN-13:978–0–230–54549–6hardback ISBN-10:0–230–54549–1hardback Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Belopolsky,Helen,1976– Russiaandthechallengers:RussianalignmentwithChina,Iranand Iraqintheunipolarera/HelenBelopolsky. p. cm.—(StAntony’sseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978–0–230–54549–6(alk.paper) ISBN-10:0–230–54549–1(alk.paper) 1. Russia(Federation)—Foreignrelations. 2. Russia(Federation)— Foreignrelations—China. 3. China—Foreignrelations—Russia (Federation). 4. Russia(Federation)—Foreignrelations—Iran. 5. Iran—Foreignrelations—Russia(Federation) 6. Russia (Federation)—Foreignrelations—Iraq. 7. Iraq—Foreign relations—Russia(Federation) I. Title. JZ1616.B452008 327.47—dc22 2008029952 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby CPIAntonyRowe,ChippenhamandEastbourne October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-iv 9780230_545496_01_prexii For my family October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-v 9780230_545496_01_prexii This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements x ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction 1 Approaches 5 Methodology 11 Broadersignificance 13 1 Perception and Misperception: Russia Looking Inward andOut 14 Thegreatidentitydebate 16 Russia’spost-ColdWarrole:thesearchforgreat powerhood 21 Perceptionsofthepost-ColdWarorder 24 Conclusions 27 2 TheRussianInstitutionalContext 29 TheRussianinstitutionallandscape 32 ‘Challenger’statesandRussianforeignpolicy-making 34 RussianplayersintheChinesecontext 34 RussianplayersintheIraniancontext 35 RussianplayersintheIraqicontext 38 InstitutionsinfluencingRussianengagementwith ‘challenger’states 40 TheExecutive 40 ThePresidency 40 PrimeMinisterChernomyrdin 43 TheRussianDuma 44 Ministriesandrelated‘client’groups 46 MinistryofForeignAffairs 46 MinistryofForeignEconomicRelations 49 TheMinistryofDefenceandthemilitary–industrial complex 50 vii October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-vii 9780230_545496_01_prexii viii Contents MinistryofAtomicEnergy 55 MinistryofFuelandEnergyandtheoilandgasinterests 58 Theoligarchs 61 Conclusions 63 3 TheWoundedBearandtheRisingDragon 65 FactorsinRussianpolicytowardsChina 67 Theeconomicdimension 69 Militarytechnologyandweaponssales 72 Nucleartechnologysales 75 Oilandgascooperation 77 Russiandomesticsecurity 78 TheChinesethreat 79 Globaldimension 85 Conclusions 95 4 PartnershipwithIran:TheLynchpinofthe AxisofEvil? 97 FactorsinRussianpolicytowardsIran 98 Theeconomicdimension 99 Nucleartechnologysales 100 Militarytechnologyandweaponssales 107 Oilandgascooperation 111 Russiandomesticsecurity 116 Regionaldimension 118 TheTajikistanconflict 119 Afghanistan 121 TheCaspiansea 121 Globaldimension 123 Toomanysticks,notenoughcarrots:American deterrencepolicy 124 Rejectingjuniorpartnership:defyingAmerica 128 Iranandtheinternationalcontext 130 KeepingtheIraniansinandtheAmericansout 133 Conclusions 135 5 RussiaandSaddam’sIraq:TheRoadtoNowhere 138 FactorsinRussianpolicytowardsIraq 140 Theeconomicdimension 142 UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilsanctions 143 Oil-for-foodagreement 146 October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-viii 9780230_545496_01_prexii Contents ix Debtcollection 148 Post-sanctionscontracts 149 Russiandomesticsecurity 156 Regionaldimension 158 Globaldimension 160 Greatpoweraspirations 160 UNdiplomacy:givingRussiaavoice 165 Theutilityofmultilateralism 170 Conclusions 172 Conclusion 175 Notes 184 Bibliography 220 Index 257 October23,2008 10:39 MAC/RHS Page-ix 9780230_545496_01_prexii
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