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RURAL WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN AGRO FORESTRY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IN NYANDO DISTRICT, KENYA, BY ONYANGO, LEAH AKINYI B.A HONS (U.O.N) 1988 University of NAIROBI Library f OR USE IN T hi 0341507 2 U9RARV im. t THESIS SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILLMENT FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS (PLANNING). UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT. DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2002 II DECLARATION This Thesis is my original work and has not been submitted/presented for a Degree in any other University. This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a University Supervisor. Date Ill DEDICATION To Peter: For what has been and what will be IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to the Government of Kenya through the Ministry of Lands and Settlement (Physical Planning Department) for offering me the scholarship that enabled me to pursue this degree. I would like to thank all the teaching staff of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning for their advice and guidance during the course. I would also wish to thank Dr. Ngugi who supervised this work. Special thanks to my colleagues (MA II 2002) for their cheerful approach to life, which created a good learning environment. I have benefited from the generosity of ICRAF staff both in Nairobi and Kisumu. I acknowledge and thank them. Special thanks to Dianne Russelle (Programme Leader Programme 4) and Brent Swallow (programme leader, Programme 1). I acknowledge with thanks the timely support of my research assistant Jared Angira during the fieldwork. Most of all I extend my appreciation to my family for their unconditional support: my husband Peter Onyango, my daughters, Noelle, Loice, Grace and Miriam and my sons Elijah and Elisha. Last but not least I extend my sincere gratitude for technical assistance I received in preparation of maps and photographs from Ken Oguya of Ministry of Lands and Moses Ohanga of Kisumu Polytechnic respectively. Thank you all and may God Bless You. V TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration......................................................................................................................i Dedication.......................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................iv Table of Contents...........................................................................................................v List of Tables..................................................................................................................viii List of Figures.................................................................................................................x List of Plates...................................................................................................................xi List of Maps....................................................................................................................xiii Abstract...........................................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1 1.1 Overview...............................................................................................................1 1.21 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................3 1.3 Research Questions............................................................................................6 1.4 Research Objectives...........................................................................................7 1.5 Assumption.........................................................................................................7 1.6 Justification of Study..........................................................................................8 1.7 Scope of the Study..............................................................................................8 1.8 Definition of Key Terms and Concepts...........................................................9 1.9 Research Methodology.......................................................................................11 1.9.1 Data Needs..........................................................................................................11 1.9.2 Primary Data and Survey Instruments..............................................................11 1.9.3 Secondary Data...................................................................................................15 1.9.4 Techniques of Data Analysis............................................................................16 1.9.5 Analytical Framework.......................................................................................16 1.10 Limitations of the Study.....................................................................................16 1.11 Structure of the Study.........................................................................................17 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................22 2.1 Overview................................................................................................................22 2.2 Development and Underdevelopment...............................................................22 2.3 Development- Environment Relationship..........................................................31 VI 2.4 Poverty..................................................................................................................34 2.5 Rural Development.............................................................................................40 2.5.1 Rural Development and Agriculture.................................................................41 2.5.2 Food Supply.........................................................................................................43 2.5.4 Rural Water Supply............................................................................................44 2.6 Gender Issue.........................................................................................................45 2.7 Agroforestry..........................................................................................................47 2.7.1 Defining Agroforestry.........................................................................................47 2.7.2 Environmental Benefits of Agroforestry...........................................................54 2.7.3 Agroforestry and Development..........................................................................55 2.7.4 Gender and Agroforestry....................................................................................57 2.8 Conceptual Framework......................................................................................58 CHAPTER 3-THE STUDY AREA.............................................................................64 3.1 Location and Size...............................................................................................64 3.2 Relief.....................................................................................................................65 3.2.1 The Kano Plains..................................................................................................65 3.2.2 Highlands..............................................................................................................65 3.2.3 The Lake Shore....................................................................................................73 3.3 Natural Drainage.................................................................................................73 3.3.1 Nyando River.......................................................................................................73 3.3.2 Sondu Miriu.........................................................................................................74 3.3.3 Swamps.................................................................................................................74 3.4 Soil and Geology..................................................................................................76 3.5 Climate...................................................................................................................80 3.5.1 Rainfall..................................................................................................................80 3.5.2 Temperatures........................................................................................................81 3.6 Vegetation............................................................................................................87 3.7 Demography........................................................................................................87 3.8 Land Issue.............................................................................................................89 3.9 Culture..................................................................................................................95 3.10 Economy and Human Settlement....................................................................96 3.11 Infrastructure and community Services...........................................................102 CHAPTER 4 -AGROFORESTRY IN NY ANDO DISTRICT.................................106 4.1 Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District......................................................106 4.1.1 Forestry and Environment Sub-sectors in Nyando District (DDP)...............106 4.1.2 Inventory of Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District from the Field.......109 4.1.3 Common Tree/Plants used in Agroforestry in Nyando District....................125 CHAPTER 5 - RURAL WOMEN IN AGROFORESTRY.........................................................................................................131 5.1 Rural Women’s Participation in Agroforestry in Nyando District.................131 5.2 The Status of Women in Nyando District........................................................131 5.3 Cultural Beliefs and Practices Surrounding the Luo Women and the Tree... 134 5.4 Agroforestry Practices that Women are Involved in.......................................142 5.5 Agricultural Extension Services in Nyando District.......................................154 5.6 Women Groups and their Activities in Nyando District...................................158 CHAPTER 6 - ORUNDU THE HOME GARDEN....................................................162 6.1 Overview................................................................................................................162 6.2 Orundu...................................................................................................................162 6.3 Some Cultural Practice and Belief Associated with Cultivation and their Implications of Women is Participation in Agroforestry.................................168 6.4 Activities in the Orundu......................................................................................170 6.5 The Agroforestry Potentials of the Orundu........................................................177 CHAPTER 7 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION................................................................................................................181 7.1 Overview.................................................................................................................181 7.1 Summary of Findings...........................................................................................181 7.2 Recommendation..................................................................................................191 7.3 Proposed Agroforestry Plan for Nyando District...............................................191 7.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 201 APPENDIX......................................................................................................................213 Vlll LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Nyando District Population.......................................................................12 Table 1.2 Distribution of the sample in Koru Location into categories and findings the interval between each..........................................................................13 Table 1.3 Distributing the Sample in North East Nyakach into categories...........14 Table 1.4 Analytical framework.................................................................................16 Table 2.1 Distribution of G.P.D by Productive Sector %.......................................42 Table 3.1 Administrative Units in Nyando District................................................64 Table 3.2 Annual Rainfall in selected Station in Nyando District.........................80 Table 3.3 Average Annual temperature in °C at Kano Irrigation Station..............82 Table 3.4 Average Annual temperature in °C at Koru Coffee Research Station... 83 Table 3.5 Nyando District Population Figure by divisions....................................88 Table 3.7 Statistics on Land Sizes in Sizes in Koru Location................................91 Table 3.8 Migration Trends in Koru.........................................................................95 Table 3.9 Migration Trends in North East Nyakach...............................................95 Table 3.10 Migration Trends in Koru........................................................................95 Table 4.1 New Projects proposal: Environment - Nyando...................................108 Table 4.2 Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District...............................................109 Table 4.3 Tree Planting in Vulnarable Areas of the Rural Landscape..................123 Table 4.4 Common trees/plants used in Agroforestry in Koru...............................125 Table 4.5 Common trees/plant used in Agroforestry in North East Nyakach.......126 Table 4.6 Tree Planting Constraints and Possible Interventions...........................127 Table 5.1 New Project Proposals Culture, Recreation and Sports - Nyando District Development plan 2002-2008................................................................ 131 Table 5.2 Marital Status of Women in Nyando District........................................132 Table 5.3 Women is Access to Land in Nyando District......................................132 Table 5 4 Education levels in Nyando District........................................................133 Table 5.5 Income levels in Nyando district....................................................... 133 Table 5.6 Types and Levels of Occupation in Nyando District.............................135 Table 5.7 What the Luo culture says about women planting trees........................135 Table 5.8 Persons from whom a window may seek permission to plant trees.....141 IX Table 5.9 Agro forestry practices in which women are allowed to grow in Nyando District...........................................................................................................142 Table 5.10 Agroforestry practices in which women are allowed to plant trees in Koru.............................................................................................................143 Table 5.11 Agroforestry practices in which women are allowed to plant trees....144 Table 5 .12 The Status of sisal in North East Nyakach..............................................148 Table 5.12 Agroforestry Activities Initiated by Women...........................................152 Table 5.13 Tree products women are allowed to sell...............................................153 Table 5 .14 Visit of Agricultural extensions workers to farmers in Nyando District.........................................................................................................154 Table 5.15 Persons dealt with by agricultural extension workers in Nyando District.........................................................................................................158 Table 5 .16 Monthly contribution of women groups in koru...................................159 Table 5.17 Activities of women group in Koru.........................................................159 Table 5 .18 Criteria for Membership in Women groups of Koru.............................160 Table 5 .19 Activities of women groups in North East Nyakach.............................161 Table 6.1 Size of Orundu in Nyando district..........................................................166 Table 6.2 Awareness of the Orundu in Nyando District........................................167 Table 6.3 Possession of Orundu in Nyando District...............................................168 Table 6.4 Activities that are carried out in the Orundu...........................................170 Table 6.5 Status of Traditional Vegetables in North East Nyakach.......................172 Table 6.6 Activities in the Orundu against the Size of the Orundu.....................177 Table 6.7 Suggestions by the community on other ways through which Orundu can be used...................................................................................................180 Table 7.1 Ecological suitability for Agroforestry (ESAF) Index and zone..........197 X LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2 .1 Conceptual Model of Development of Underdevelopment..................26 Figure 2.2 Conceptual Frameworks of Spatial Inequalities......................................27 Figure 2.3 Sustainability...............................................................................................39 Figure 2.4 The Poverty - Environment Relationship...............................................59 Figure 2.5 Ingredients for Sustainable Rural Development.....................................60 Figure 2.6 Conceptual Model....................................................................................61 Figure 2.7 Conceptual Model....................................................................................61 Figure 2.8 Conceptual Model....................................................................................61 Figure 2.9 Conceptual Framework of Agroforestry as a land use approach for Sustainable rural Environment.................................................................63 Figure 3.1 Average Monthly Rainfall in Selected Metrological Stations in Nyando District......................................................................................................81 Figure 3.2 Average Annual Temperatures at Kano Irrigation Station...................82 Figure 3.3 Average Annual Temperatures at Koru Coffee Research Station........83 Figure 3.4 Dispersed Settlements Patterns................................................................93 Figure 3.5 Clustered Settlements Patterns................................................................94 Figure 4.1 Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District...............................................110 Figure 5.1 Agroforestry Practices in which women are allowed to grow Trees in Nyando District..........................................................................................143 Figure 5.2 Agroforestry Practices in which women are allowed to Plant Trees In Koru..........................................................................................................144 Figure 5.3 Agroforestry Practice in which Women are allowed to Plant trees......145 Figure 5.4 Agroforestry Activities Initiated by Women..........................................152 Figure 6.1 Size of Orundu...........................................................................................166 Figure 6.6 Activities in the Orundu..........................................................................171

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RURAL WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN AGRO FORESTRY. AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON A SUSTAINABLE. ENVIRONMENT IN NYANDO DISTRICT, KENYA,. BY. ONYANGO, LEAH AKINYI. B.A HONS (U.O.N) 1988. University of NAIROBI Library. 0341507 2 f OR USE IN T hi. U9RARV im . t. THESIS
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