Rural Resources & Local Livelihoods in Africa

224 Pages·2005·48.65 MB·English

by  Katherine Homewood (eds.)

Rural Resources
& Local Livelihoods in Africa

Rural Resources
& Local Livelihoods in Africa
EDITED BY
Katherine Homewood
Professor of Anthropology
University College, London
JAMES CURREY
OXFORD
James Currey Ltd
73 Betley Road
Oxford
OX2 OBS
Copyright © 2005 James Currey Ltd
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-6930-9
I 2 3 4 5 6 10 09 08 07 06 05
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Rural resources & local livelihoods in Africa
I. Rural development - Africa 2. Land use. Rural - Africa
I. Homewood, K. M.
ISBN 978-1-349-73509-9 ISBN 978-1-137-06615-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-06615-2
Pirst published 2005 by
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Contents
Lisr of Maps, Figures & Tables vii
Nares on Contributors X
1
Introduction
Rural Resource Use & Local Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa 1
KATHERINE HOMEWOOD
PART ONE Degradation or Change? 11
2
Out qf the Woodland, into the Fire
Fuelwood & Livelihoods Within & Beyond Lake Malawi National Park 15
JO ABBOT
3
Protected Areas & Decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo
A Case for Devolving Responsibility to Local Institutions 36
EMMANUEL DE MERODE
PART TWO Shifting Livelihoods
Conservation & Development in Changing Environments 59
4
Detail & Dogma, Data & Discourse
Food Gathering by Damara Herders
& Conservation in Arid North-west Namibia 63
SIAN SULLIVAN
5
The Contingency of Community Conservation 100
DAN BROCKINGTON
v
vi • CONTENTS
PART THREE Livelihood Strategies
Demographic & Economic Ways of Dealing with Unpredictable Change 121
6
People are a Resource
Demography & Livelihoods in Sahelian FulBe of Burkina Faso 123
KATE HAMPSHIRE & SARA RANDALL
7
Gender Equality? No!
What Do FulBe Women Really Want? 137
SOLVEIG BUHL
PART FOUR Social Institutions ofResource Management
Conservation & Development 155
8
Understanding Institutional Contexts to Dtjine Research Questions
Settlement, Forestry, Identities & the Future in South-west Cameroon 157
BARRIE SHARPE
9
Legal Pluralism in the Rain Forests cf South-eastern Cameroon 177
MONICA GRAZIANI & PHILIP BURNHAM
10
Conclusion
Rural Resources, Local Livelihoods & Poverty Concepts 198
KATHERINE HOMEWOOD
206
Index
List of Maps, Figures & Tables
Maps
Map showing research sites xn
3.1 Trade routes of the informal economy: principal wild resources exported,
and manufactured commodities imported to the Garamba region 41
3.2 Central Africa and the Garamba ecosystem in the north east of
the Democratic Republic of Congo 44
4.1 Location of the study area in central and southern Kunene Region,
north-west Namibia 66
5.1 The setting of Mkomazi Reserve 102
7.1 The research area, north-eastern Burkina Faso 139
Figures
1.1 Cross-cutting dimensions of rural resources and local livelihoods 3
2.1 Population change within the enclave villages ofLake Malawi National Park:
collated census data from 1966-1994 20
2.2a Aerial photographic analysis ofland use change within Lake Malawi
National Park, 1982 22
2.2b Aerial photographic analysis ofland use change within Lake Malawi
National Park, 1990 23
2.3 Fuelwood commodity chain: Gender, age and rural-urban linkages as
determinants of fuelwood users and uses 24
2.4 Fuelwood and livelihoods in and beyond Lake Malawi National Park:
The harvesting, regulation and uses of fuelwood in Chembe village 30
3.1 The relationship between increasing distance from effective wildlife protection
and the number of large mammal species recorded on 42 five kilometre transects 46
3.2 The relationship between estimated agricultural field cover and the number
oflarge mammal species recorded on 42 five kilometre transects 46
3.3 Temporal variations in large mammal abundance in Garamba National Park 47
3.4 Elephant populations trends between 1976 and 1995 in Garamba National Park 48
3.5 Stage of the hunt at which a kill was made, relative to animal weight 49
3.6 Conceptual framework showing the beneficiaries and the power
relationships associated with wildlife resources amongst residents in the
Garamba ecosystem 51
3. 7 The estimated daily value of bushmeat from protected species being sold
in urban markets around Garamba between April 1996 and February 1997 53
3.8 The estimated daily value ofbushmeat passing through Kiliwa
between April 1996 and February 1997 53
4.1 Proportions of the total number of records of the consumption of gathered
viii • LIST OF MAPS, FIGURES & TABLES
foods by Damara households in north-west Namibia accounted for
by particular types of food 77
4.2a & 4.2b Food use by date 85
4.3 Kin relationships between elderly Damara women and their partners in
the settlement of Sesfontein 89
5.1 Frequency of food use for women in Lushoto District in 239 meal days 106
5.2 Frequency of food use for women in Same District from 325 meal days 106
5.3 Cattle sales in Same District markets, 197 4-1996 109
5.4 Male and female cattle sold at Same District livestock markets, 1979-1991 109
6.1 Age Specific Parity ofFulani Men and Women (SRDS Data) 127
7.1 Summary of general characteristics of the selected sample households 140
Tables
1.1 The issues covered by the contributors 4
1.2 The complementarity of approaches and methods utilised in the
cross-disciplinary case-studies 9
2.1 Comparing the production of fallen deadwood with domestic and
commercial fuelwood consumption in the five enclave villages 26
2.2 Size class and species preferences of fuel wood selected for domestic and
fish smoking purposes 27
2.3 The number of fish smoking stations owned in each village and by each
cultural group, together with the estimated population size of each village 28
3.1 Civil and traditional administrative systems 38
3.2 A typology of decentralisation in the wildlife sector ofDRC 40
3.3 GLIM analysis of covariance using Poisson errors to show the relationship
of explanatory variables (patrol days and periods of conflict), and their
interactions, with the number of rifles recovered from poachers
(rifles seized per contact) 52
4.1 Sample structure for households and individuals incorporated in a
dietary survey conducted to monitor the use of gathered natural resources
for food by Damara herders in north-west Namibia 76
4.2 Dates of household survey visits and seasonal conditions,
February 1995-July 1996 76
4.3 Gathered foods, or stored, February 1995-July 1996 78
4.4 Major foods collected by Cornelia II Guruses from Gudipos on the
Ugab River, during the rain season of 1996 79
4.5 Nutritional composition of some fruit species recorded as consumed by
households during the course of this study 81
4.6 Nutritional values for the caterpillar Imbrasia ertli (Saturniidae) 83
4.7 Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for the relationship between
consumed gathered and alternative foods 87
4.8 Mean number of records of different foods consumed during the diet survey
by five households of a family in Sesfontein 87
4.9 Procurement of gathered foods by the heads of two households of the
Ganuses family in Sesfontein during the rain season of 1995 88
4.10 Cochran's Q as a test for mobility by individuals surveyed to the north and
south of the veterinary cordon fence respectively 90
5.1 Cattle numbers in and around Mkomazi 103
5.2 Cattle fertility at Mkomazi and elsewhere 105
List of lHaps, Figures & Tables • ix
5.3 Household herd sizes in Lushoto District before and after eviction 106
5.4 Sales of cattle in Same District 10~
5.5 Comparing the male: female ratio of cattle sold before October 19~5 and
after July 1986 10~
5.6 Analysis of satellite data 112
6.1 Mortality estimates for Fulani 12~
6.2 Participation in seasonal labour migration in 1996 of all men aged 1 ~-64
by household cattle holdings 130
6.3 Logistic regression model of individual participation in seasonal labour
migration in 1994-95: men aged 1~-64 134
7.1 Cattle holdings of Fu!Be households 142
7.2 Mean TLU holdings in the sample, per capita 142
7.3 Ownership of cattle among women (n=~9) in the sample villages 143
7.4 Field size in relation to capita per household 146
7.5 Approximate mean millet yields (±SD) per ha in 1995 and 1996 147
8.1 Dates of forest reserve creation 163