Rural Populations and Health: Determinants, Disparities, and Solutions

418 Pages·2012·9.417 MB·English

by  Crosby, Richard A(Editor);Vanderpool, Robin C;Wendel, Monica L

Rural Populations
and Health

Rural Populations
and Health
Determinants, Disparities,
and Solutions
Richard A. Crosby
Monica L. Wendel
Robin C. Vanderpool
Baretta R. Casey
EDITORS
FOREWORD BY CIRO V. SUMAYA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rural populations and health / Richard A. Crosby, Monica L. Wendel, Robin C. Vanderpool,
Baretta R. Casey, editors ; foreword by Ciro V. Sumaya. – First edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-00430-2 (pbk.); ISBN 9781118260296 (ebk.); ISBN 9781118235485 (ebk.);
ISBN 9781118221693 (ebk.)
1. Medicine, Rural–United States. 2. Rural health services–United States. 3. Rural
health–United States. 4. Health services accessibility–United States. I. Crosby, Richard A.,
1959– II. Wendel, Monica L. III. Vanderpool, Robin C., 1975– IV. Casey, Baretta R., 1953–
RA771.5.R88 2012
362.1'04257–dc23
2012016810
Printed in the United States of America
FIRST EDITION
PB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Tables and Figures ..............................................................................................vii
Foreword ............................................................................................................xiii
Ciro V. Sumaya
The Prevention Research Centers Program .........................................................xv
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................xvii
The Editors .........................................................................................................xix
The Contributors ................................................................................................xxi
Part 1 Rural Communities in Context ......................................1
1 Understanding Rural America: A Public Health Perspective ..........3
Richard A. Crosby, Monica L. Wendel, Robin C. Vanderpool,
Baretta R. Casey, Laurel A. Mills
2 Defining Rurality .........................................................................23
L. Gary Hart, Baretta R. Casey
3 History of Rural Public Health in America ..................................39
Amy L. Elizondo, Alan Morgan
4 The Depth of Rural Health Disparities in America:
The ABCDEs .................................................................................51
James E. Florence, Robert P. Pack, Jodi Southerland,
Randolph F. Wykoff
Part 2 Rural Public Health Systems ........................................73
5 Public Health Systems, Health Policy, and Population-Level
Prevention in Rural America .......................................................75
Angela L. Carman, F. Douglas Scutchfield
6 Rural Public Health Systems: A View from Colorado ..................95
Julie A. Marshall, Lisa N. VanRaemdonck
7 Rural Public Health Systems: A View from Kentucky ................115
Baretta R. Casey
8 Rural Public Health Systems: A View from Alabama ................135
Theresa A. Wynn, Mona N. Fouad
9 Rural Public Health Systems: A View from Iowa ........................151
Faryle Nothwehr, Lauren Erickson, Ulrike Schultz
vi CONTENTS
Part 3 Health Partnerships in Rural Communities ...............169
10 Health Assessment in Rural Communities: A Critical
Organizing and Capacity-Building Tool .......................................171
James N. Burdine, Heather R. Clark, Lindsay J. Shea,
Bernard Appiah, Chelsie N. Hollas
11 Strategies for Building Coalitions in Rural Communities ............191
Michelle C. Kegler, Frances D. Butterfoss
12 Capacity Building in Rural Communities ....................................215
Monica L. Wendel, Angie Alaniz, Brandy N. Kelly, Heather R. Clark,
Kelly N. Drake, Corliss W. Outley, Whitney Garney, Keli Dean,
Lyndsey Simpson, Britt Allen, Hon. Pam Finke, Teresa Harris,
Vicky Jackson, Hon. Dean Player, Albert Ramirez,
Hon. Mike Sutherland, Camilla Viator, E. Lisako J. McKyer,
Julie A. St. John, Kenneth R. McLeroy, James N. Burdine
Part 4 Evidence-Based Practice in Rural Communities ........235
13 Promoting Adolescent Health in Rural Communities .................237
E. Lisako J. McKyer, Corliss W. Outley, Jamilia J. Blake,
Brandy N. Kelly
14 Rural Food Disparities: Availability and Accessibility
of Healthy Foods .........................................................................251
Wesley R. Dean, Cassandra M. Johnson, Joseph R. Sharkey
15 Promoting Oral Health in Rural Communities ...........................267
Nikki Stone, Baretta R. Casey
16 Physical Activity Promotion in Rural America ..........................287
Richard Kozoll, Sally M. Davis
17 Preventing Farm-Related Injuries: The Example of Tractor
Overturns...................................................................................303
Henry P. Cole, Susan C. Westneat
18 Addressing Mental Health Issues in Rural Areas .......................323
Carly E. McCord, Timothy R. Elliott, Daniel F. Brossart,
Linda G. Castillo
19 Cancer Prevention and Control in Rural Communities ...............341
Robin C. Vanderpool, Laurel A. Mills
20 Tobacco Use in Rural Populations ..............................................357
Geri A. Dino, Rose M. Pignataro, Kimberly A. Horn,
Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel
Index .................................................................................................................377
Tables and Figures
Tables
Table 3.1. Health Disparities of Certain Diseases in Selected
Populations 47
Table 5.1. Adjusted Per Capita Expenditures by Size of Population
Served 85
Table 7.1. Most and Least Healthy Counties in Kentucky 119
Table 8.1. Screening Stages of REACH 2010 Participants at Baseline and at
Two-Year Follow-up: African American Women, Alabama,
January 2001–November 2005 144
Table 10.1. Descriptions of Secondary Data Sources 181
Table 11.1. Constructs and Related Propositions, Community Coalition
Action Theory 199
Table 13.1. Morbidity and Mortality Linked to Tobacco Use and Alcohol
Misuse 240
Table 13.2. Significant Disparities in Substance Use Among Youth Ages
Twelve to Seventeen 242
Table 13.3. Sample 4-H Programs 242
Table 17.1. The Kentucky ROPS Notebook Mass Communication Messages
and Interactive Learning Activities 308
Table 17.2. Number (1,227) and Percent of Farms Included in the 1997
Pre- and 2000 Postintervention Surveys by County with Respect
to the 1997 Census of Agriculture 5,577 Total Farms and the
KY-NASS Sampling Frame of 4,422 Farms 313
Table 17.3. Number of Farms Surveyed (1,227) Across Counties Pre-
and Postintervention by Percent of ROPS Retrofits and
ROPS Replacement Tractors Purchased for the ROPS and
Percent of ROPS Tractors Purchased for Features Other Than
the ROPS 315
Figures
Figure 1.1. Spidergram Examples: Owlsley County, Kentucky; Leon
County, Texas; Issaquena County, Mississippi 9
viii Tables and Figures
Figure 1.2. Nonmetro Areas with High Proportions of Carless Households,
2000 14
Figure 3.1. Percent of African Americans in Rural US Counties, 1999 43
Figure 3.2. Percent of Each US Total Rural County Population That Is
Hispanic, 1999 44
Figure 3.3. Percent of Each US Total Rural County Population That Is
Native American, 1999 45
Figure 3.4. Percent of Each US Total Rural County Population That Is
Pacific Islander or Asian and Ages 0 to 12, 1999 46
Figure 4.1. Income Change in the United States: 1969–2009 63
Figure 5.1. Ten Leading Causes of Death: 2007 77
Figure 5.2. Ten Essential Public Health Services 80
Figure 5.3. Percentage of Distribution of LHDs by Size of Population
Served 82
Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Total Annual LHD Revenues by
Revenue Source 84
Figure 5.5. Mean Percentage of Total LHD Revenues from Selected Sources
by Size of Population Served 85
Figure 6.1. Population Density of Colorado, 2010 97
Figure 6.2. Topography, Roads, Towns and Counties of Colorado 98
Figure 6.3. Public Health and Safety Net Clinics by County, Colorado
2011 100
Figure 7.1. A Kentucky Coal Mine 116
Figure 7.2. Critical Access Hospitals (CAH) Counties in Kentucky 122
Figure 7.3. Kentucky’s Ninety-Nine Federally Funded Health Center
Sites 124
Figure 7.4. Kentucky Public Health Local Departments, Districts, and
Independent Counties 126
Figure 7.5. Kentucky Counties in Health Professional Shortage Areas:
Mental Health Care, 2007 127
Figure 8.1. Map of Alabama 137
Figure 8.2. REACH CHAs 143
Figure 9.1. Healthy Menu Options at the Ridge Restaurant 160
Figure 13.1. Longitudinal Group Analyses: Developmental Outcomes in
Grade 10 243
Figure 14.1. Conceptual Model for Rural Food Disparities 253
Figure 15.1. Untreated Tooth Decay, Perry County Elementary Schools,
2006–2007 269
Figure 15.2. LPLK Head Start Centers 275
Figure 15.3. Percentage of Untreated Tooth Decay, Eastern Kentucky Versus
National Ethnic Data 279
Figure 16.1. Hikers Follow the Fisher Trail Route Toward Cuba Mesa 296