Rural Development and Territorial Dynamics in the Province of Misiones, Argentina Nardi, Andrea

293 Pages·2017·4.45 MB·English

Rural Development and Territorial Dynamics in the Province of Misiones, Argentina
Nardi, Andrea
2011
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Citation for published version (APA):
Nardi, A. (2011). Rural Development and Territorial Dynamics in the Province of Misiones, Argentina. [Doctoral
Thesis (monograph), Department of Human Geography]. Lund University.
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1
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LUND UNIVERSITY
PO Box 117
221 00 Lund
[phone]
Download date: 26. Feb. 2023
Meddelanden från Lunds universitets geografiska institution
Avhandlingar 191

RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND TERRITORIAL DYNAMICS IN
THE PROVINCE OF MISIONES, ARGENTINA

María Andrea Nardi
© 2011 María Andrea Nardi
ISSN: 0346-6787
ISBN: 978-91-979006-1-4

Cover design: Fernando Nardi
Printed in Sweden by Mediatryck, Lund 2011
ii
Contents

List of acronyms ...................................................................................................................... vii
Presentation and acknowledgments ........................................................................................ x
Chapter I – Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
Conflicting geographies ........................................................................................................ 1
Aim and objective of the study ............................................................................................. 9
Research questions and theoretical perspective ................................................................ 10
Outline of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 11
Chapter II – Theoretical framework ........................................................................................ 13
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 13
Theoretical context of analysis ........................................................................................... 16
Rural development paradigms and alternative development(s) in Latin America .............. 19
Rural Development ‘paradigms’ in Latin America ........................................................... 20
Post-(neo)liberalism, post-development or alternative (rural) development(s)? ............. 26
Rural development in Argentina and the province of Misiones .......................................... 35
Territory, (rural) development and linking concepts ........................................................... 38
Discussing territory and territoriality ............................................................................... 39
Territory and development .............................................................................................. 43
Territorial dynamics, arena and other guiding concepts of analysis ............................... 48
Chapter III – Methodology ...................................................................................................... 54
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 54
Methodology and research strategy ................................................................................... 55
(Multi) case study ........................................................................................................... 56
Selection and location of the sites of study .................................................................... 57
Time frame of the analysis ............................................................................................. 60
Objects, units and categories of analysis ....................................................................... 61
Multiple methods and collection of information .................................................................. 62
Primary and secondary information ................................................................................ 62
Access to information and informants ............................................................................ 63
Fieldwork sites ................................................................................................................ 65
Data construction ............................................................................................................... 66
Typology of actors .......................................................................................................... 67
Data analysis and interpretation ......................................................................................... 70
Chapter IV – Geographical and historical context of analysis ................................................ 73
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 73
Geographical context of analysis ....................................................................................... 74
Environmental context ........................................................................................................ 78
Historical processes of land occupation and spatial organization ...................................... 80
Occupation and use of land ............................................................................................ 82
Recent territorial transformations and dynamics in the countryside ............................... 87
The relevance of the agriculture sector .............................................................................. 89
Family agriculture in Misiones and selected municipalities ............................................ 92
Production structure and systems .................................................................................. 95
iii
Poverty in rural areas ......................................................................................................... 97
Illegal land occupation or ‘land squatting’ ....................................................................... 98
Main concerns in the family agriculture sector ............................................................... 99
Family agriculture sector and its institutionality ................................................................ 101
Public agencies and nongovernmental organizations .................................................. 101
Farmers’ organizations ................................................................................................. 104
Chapter V – Understandings of development in Misiones ................................................... 106
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 106
Agriculture, forestry or native forest conservation? .......................................................... 109
Who promotes what, where and why? Conflicts about “development” ......................... 111
Actors’ perceptions on natural resources (land and native forest) ................................... 121
Land ............................................................................................................................. 123
Native forest and timber ............................................................................................... 128
The role of state and market in development ................................................................... 132
Some reflections ............................................................................................................... 138
Chapter VI – The rural development arena in the selected municipalities ........................... 141
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 141
Actors involved: their strategies and ideas of rural development ..................................... 141
Public agencies and rural development programmes .................................................. 142
Nongovernmental organizations and social organizations ........................................... 145
Farmers’ organizations ................................................................................................. 149
Other actors in the territory ........................................................................................... 154
Family agriculture and the state: actors in cooperation / confrontation ............................ 155
The rural development arena in Aristóbulo del Valle and San Pedro ............................... 162
Some reflections ............................................................................................................... 167
Chapter VII – Agroecology, seed fairs and local markets .................................................... 168
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 168
The agroecology perspective in Misiones ........................................................................ 169
Agroecology from the actors’ perspective ........................................................................ 173
Public agencies and rural development programmes .................................................. 175
Nongovernmental organizations and social organizations ........................................... 178
Farmer’s organizations ................................................................................................. 181
Other actors in the territory ........................................................................................... 183
Collective spaces of agroecology: the seed fairs ............................................................. 184
The construction of farmers’ local markets (ferias francas) .............................................. 190
Constraints to advance an ecological agriculture in Misiones .......................................... 194
Chapter VIII: Concluding remarks ........................................................................................ 200
Alternative rural development and the construction of territories ..................................... 200
Contributions to theory and policy making ....................................................................... 209
Further research ............................................................................................................... 213
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 216
Appendix 1 – Interview guides ............................................................................................. 236
Appendix 2 – Informants interviewed and observations during fieldwork ............................. 243
iv
Appendix 3 – Maps ............................................................................................................... 247
Appendix 4 – Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 248
Appendix 5 – Actors in the rural development arena ........................................................... 254
Appendix 6 – Land squatting and distribution ...................................................................... 268

Index of maps
Map 1: South America. Localization of Argentina in South America ...................................... 59
Map 2: Argentina. Localization of the province of Misiones in Argentina ............................... 60
Map 3: Province of Misiones (Arg.). Location of selected municipalities ................................ 60
Map 4: Province of Misiones (Arg.). Municipalities of Aristóbulo del Valle and San Pedro.
Main roads and localities ........................................................................................................ 77
Map 5: Province of Misiones, Argentina. Satellite image, 2008 ............................................. 78
Map 6: Municipality of Aristóbulo del Valle, Misiones (Argentina). Land parcelling. 2007 ..... 95
Map 7: Municipality of San Pedro, Misiones (Argentina). Land parcelling. 2007 ................... 95
Map 8: Municipality of Aristóbulo del Valle (Misiones, Argentina). Areas of nature
conservation ......................................................................................................................... 247
Map 9: Municipality of San Pedro (Misiones, Argentina). Areas of nature conservation ...... 247

Index of tables
Table 1: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Actors and the activities they promote for rural
development, where and the arguments to support them. 2003-2009 ................................. 112
Table 2: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Actors’ perceptions on land and forest ............. 122
Table 3: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Selected municipalities. Public agencies and rural
development programmes. Selected characteristics ............................................................ 144
Table 4: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Selected municipalities. NGOs and other social
organizations. Selected characteristics ................................................................................ 148
Table 5: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Selected municipalities. Farmers’ organizations.
Selected characteristics ....................................................................................................... 153
Table 6: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Selected municipalities. Companies, native
communities and environmental public agencies and NGOs. Selected characteristics ....... 155

v
Index of graphics
Graphic 1: Municipality of Aristóbulo del Valle, Misiones (Argentina): conflict and cooperation
in rural development strategies ............................................................................................ 108
Graphic 2: Municipality of San Pedro, Misiones (Argentina): conflict and cooperation in rural
development strategies ........................................................................................................ 108 

Index of illustrations
Illustration 1: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Discourses on family agriculture and
(alternative) rural development ............................................................................................. 248
Illustration 2: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Discourses on agro-industrial modernization
in the family agriculture sector .............................................................................................. 249
Illustration 3: Strategies and concrete practices in rural development in Misiones (Argentina)
from an agroecological perspective ...................................................................................... 250
Illustration 4: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Municipality of San Pedro. Spaces of
commercialization: the local farmers’ markets. 2007-2009 .................................................. 251
Illustration 5. Province of Misiones (Argentina). Municipality of Aristóbulo del Valle. Spaces of
commercialization: the farmers’ local markets. 2007-2009 .................................................. 252
Illustration 6: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Depicting agriculture / forestry, rural
development and rural poverty and wealth .......................................................................... 253
Illustration 7: Province of Misiones (Argentina). Public publicity from the Ministry of Ecology
............................................................................................................................................. 253
vi
List of acronyms
AER: Agencia de Extensión Rural, INTA [Agency for Rural Extension]
AFFM: Asociación Ferias Francas de Misiones [Association of Farmers’
Markets of Misiones]
AMIRBY: Área de Manejo Integrado de la Reserva de Biósfera Yabotí
[Department of Integrated Management of the Yabotí Reserve of
Biosphere]
APAM: Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de Misiones [Association of
Agriculture Producers of Misiones]
APHyDAL: Asociación para la Promoción Humana y el Desarrollo Local
[Association for the Human Promotion and Local Development]
APTM: Asociación de Plantadores de Tabaco de Misiones [Association of
Tobacco Growers of Misiones]
ARYA: Asociación Rural Yerbatera Argentina [Argentinean Rural Association
of Yerba]
CAFICLA: Cooperativa Agrícola, Forestal, de Industria y Comercio Limitada
de Aristóbulo del Valle [Cooperative of Agriculture, Forestry, Industry
and Commercialization of Aristóbulo del Valle]
CCT: Comisión Central de Tierras [Central Commission of Land]
CCTA: Comunidades Campesinas por el Trabajo Agrario [Peasant Communities
for Agrarian Work]
CLACSO: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales [Latin American
Council of Social Sciences]
COSPE: Cooperazione per lo Sviluppo dei Paesi Emergenti [Co-operation for
the Development of Emerging Countries]
CTM Ltda.: Cooperativa Tabacalera de Misiones Ltda. [Tobacco Cooperative of
Misiones]
CTM: Cámara del Tabaco de Misiones [Chamber of Tobacco of Misiones]
DDR: Dirección de Desarrollo Rural [Department of Rural Development]
EAP: Explotación Agropecuaria [Units of Agriculture Production]
ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL: Comisión
Económica para América Latina y el Caribe in Spanish)
EFA: Escuela de la Familia Agrícola [Family Farmers’ School]
EMiPA: Equipo Misiones de Pastoral Aborigen [Misiones Group of Natives’
Pastoral]
ETDR: Enfoque Territorial del Desarrollo Rural [Territorial Approach to Rural
Development]
vii
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FEDECOOP: Federación de Cooperativas Agrícolas de Misiones [Federation of
Cooperatives of Misiones]
FET: Fondo Especial del Tabaco [Tobacco Special Fund]
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
IADB: Inter-American Development Bank
IEA: Instituto de Enseñanza Agrícola [Institute of Agriculture Education]
IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFAI: Instituto de Fomento Agropecuario e Industrial de la provincia de
Misiones [Institute of Agriculture and Industrial Promotion of the
province of Misiones]
IICA: Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture
INAI: Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas [National Institute of Native
Communities Affairs]
INASE: Instituto Nacional de Semillas [National Institute of Seeds]
INDEC: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos [National Institute of
Statistics and Census]
INDES: Instituto de Desarrollo Social y Promoción Humana [Institute of Social
Development and Human Promotion]
INTA: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria [National Institute of
Agriculture Technology]
INYM: Instituto Nacional de la Yerba Mate [National Institute of Yerba Mate]
ISCOS: Instituto Sindicale per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo [The Trade
Unions Institute for Development Co-operation]
MAM: Movimiento Agrario Misionero [Misiones Agrarian Movement]
MAyP: Ministerio del Agro y la Producción del gobierno de la provincia de
Misiones [Ministry of Agriculture and Production]
MDS: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social [Ministry of Social Development]
MERNyT: Ministerio de Ecología, Recursos Naturales y Turismo del Gobierno
de la Provincia de Misiones [Ministry of Ecology, Natural Resources and
Tourism]
MIPE: Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Enfermedades [Integrated Pest and
Disease Managment]
MISEREOR: The German Catholic Bishops' Organisation for Development
Cooperation
NBI: Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas [Unsatisfied Basic Needs]
NGO: Nongovernmental Organization
viii
ODHAT: Organización para el Desarrollo Humano, Ambiental y Tecnológico
[Organization for Human, Environmental and Technological
Development]
OIT: Oficina de Información Técnica del INTA [INTA Office of Technical
Information]
OPFAL: Organización de Productores Familiares Agroecológicos Local
[Agroecological Smallholder Producers Local Organization]
OSAL: Observatorio Social de América Latina [Social Observatory of Latin
America]
PNTD: Participatory and Negotiated Territorial Development
PPNEA: Programa de Crédito y Apoyo Técnico para Pequeños Productores
Agropecuarios del Nordeste Argentino [Programme of Credit and
Technical Support for Small Agriculture Producers of North Argentina]
PRODERNEA: Proyecto de Desarrollo Rural de las Provincias del Noroeste
Argentino [Project of Rural Development in North-eastern Provinces of
Argentina]
PROFAM: Programa de Fortalecimiento para Productores Familiares [Program
to Strengthen Family Farmers]
PROFEDER: Programa Federal de Apoyo al Desarrollo Rural Sustentable
[Federal Program of Assistance for Sustainable Rural Development]
PROINDER: Proyecto de Desarrollo para Pequeños Productores Agropecuarios
[Project of Development for Small Agriculture Holders]
PSA: Programa Social Agropecuario [Agricultural Social Program]
RAOM: Red de Agricultura Orgánica de Misiones [Network of Organic
Agriculture of Misiones]
RDP: Rural Development Programme
SAGPyA: Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentos de la
Nación, República Argentina [Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock,
Fisheries and Food, Government of the Republic of Argentina]
SENASA: Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria [National
Service of Sanity and Quality of Agriculture Food]
TRD: Territorial Rural Development [Desarrollo Territorial Rural, DTR]
UNaM: Universidad Nacional de Misiones [University of Misiones]
UNEFAM: Unión de Escuelas de la Familia Agrícola [Union of the Family
Farmers’ School]
UTCP: Unidad Técnica de Coordinación Provincial [Provincial Unit of
Coordination]
UTTERMI: Unión de Trabajadores Técnicos Rurales de Misiones [Union of
Rural Technicians Workers of Misiones]
ix