RSSDI TEXTBOOK OF DIABETES MELLITUS RSSDI TEXTBOOK OF DIABETES MELLITUS Third Edition Editor-in-Chief Hemraj B Chandalia Executive Editor Gumpeny Ramachandra Sridhar Editors Ashok Kumar Das Sri Venkata Madhu Viswanathan Mohan Paturi Vishnupriya Rao The Health Sciences Publishers New Delhi | London | Philadelphia | Panama Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: [email protected] Overseas Offices J.P. Medical Ltd Jaypee-Highlights. 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Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: [email protected] RSSDI Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus Second Edition: 2008 Revised and Reprint: 2012 Third Edition: 2014 ISBN: 978-93-5152-090-0 Printed at: DEDICATION RSSDI Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus Third Edition (1929 to 1998) Prof MMS Ahuja was one of the major driving forces behind this textbook. It is unfortunate that he passed away on July 12, 1998, when the first edition of this textbook was in its initial stages of preparation. It took us a great deal of time to pick the threads of editorial process where Prof Ahuja had left them and ultimately put the first edition together. Prof Ahuja was Head of the Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology at the prestigious All India Institute of Medical Sciences for several decades. He combined the qualities of a compassionate physician, an inspiring teacher and an inquisitive researcher—a combination difficult to find in modern times. He was a prolific writer and edited a highly popular series of review books entitled “Progress in Medicine”. In the areas of diabetology, his research work covered epidemiology, ketosis resistant diabetes in young, cardiovascular complications, nutrition and patient education. He has left his distinctive stamp in these fields. Prof Ahuja was one of the founders of Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India and the major working force behind this society’s progress. He founded and edited the ‘International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries’ from 1980 onwards, until the time of his collaboration in 1991 with other editors. This textbook continues to bear the stamp of his excellence. We, the editors of this textbook owe a great deal of gratitude to our pioneering colleague, Prof Ahuja and pay him a respectful tribute. DEDICATION RSSDI Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus Third Edition (1923 to 2010) Prof BB Tripathy was a doyen among physicians and diabetologists. He was an outstanding researcher and an astute clinician who produced some of the best epidemiological research at a time when the field of epidemiology was in its nascent stage in India. His work was highly signi ficant in describing the clinical features of an atypical form of ketosis-resistant diabetes which was associated with malnutrition. Prof Tripathy organized a landmark international workshop “Diabetes peculiar to the Tropics” in 1995 at Cuttack. His knowledge was extensive and encompassed the fields of medicine, biochemistry, pharmaco logy, nutrition and epidemiology. He was Editor-in-Chief of RSSDI Textbook of Diabetes, First and Second editions. He was the Founder Vice President of the Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) and was connected with this organization till his demise as an Executive Patron. RSSDI is heavily indebted to Prof Tripathy for his contributions and inspiring leadership. Editors Prof (Dr) Hemraj B Chandalia MD FACP • Director, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai • Director, Dr Chandalia’s Diabetes Endocrine Nutrition Management and Research Centre, Mumbai • Honorary Professor of Medicine and Diabetes, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai (1971–2000) • Patron and Past President, Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India • Founding Editor, International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries • Research Interests: Glycated Hemoglobin, Lactic Acidosis, Nutrition in Diabetes, Patient-Education, Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. • RSSDI Textbook—First, Second and Second Revised Edition: Executive Editor • RSSDI Textbook—Third Edition: Editor-in-Chief • Chapters authored: 16, 43, 48, 53, 88, 92, 94; Section Editor: Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 Prof (Dr) Gumpeny Ramachandra Sridhar MD DM FACE FRCP (Glasgow) • Director, Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, Vishakhapatnam • Adjunct Professor, Bioinformatics, Andhra University, College of Engineering • President, Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (2010) • President, Endocrine Society of India (2013–2014) • Founding Editor, Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (1997–2000) • Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (2013 onwards) • Research Interests: Clinical Informatics, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Psychological Aspect of Diabetes • RSSDI Textbook—Third Edition: Executive Editor • Chapters authored: 33, 71, 81, 82, 85; Section Editor: Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15