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ROUTLEDGE HISTORY OF WORLD PHILOSOPHIES VOLUME 3 Routledge History of World Philosophies Since the publication of the first volumes in 1993, the prestigious Routledge History of Philosophy, edited by G.H.R. Parkinson and S.G. Shanker, has established itself as the most comprehensive chronological survey of Western philosophy available. It discusses the most important philosophical movements from the sixth century BC up to the present day. All the major figures in Western philosophy are covered in detail in these volumes. The philosophers are clearly situated within the cultural and scientific context of their time. Within the main corpus of the Routledge History of Philosophy, the Jewish, Islamic, and Chinese traditions are discussed in the context of Western philosophy, with which they are inextricably linked. The History of Islamic Philosophy, the History of Jewish Philosophy, and the History of Chinese Philosophy are designed to supplement the core volumes by dealing specifically with these three philosophical traditions; they provide extensive analysis of the most significant thinkers and concepts. In keeping with the rest of the series, each volume has a comprehensive index and bibliographies, and includes chapters by some of the most influential scholars in the field. ROUTLEDGE HISTORY OF WORLD PHILOSOPHIES VOLUME 3 HISTORY OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY Edited by Bo Mou First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 Bo Mou for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors for their contributions All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Routledge history of Chinese philosophy / editor, Bo Mou. p. cm. – (Routledge history of world philosophies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Philosophy, Chinese–History. I. Mou, Bo, 1956- II. Title: History of Chinese philosophy. B5231.R68 2008 181'.11–dc22 2008034710 ISBN 0-203-00286-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-35688-1 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-00286-5 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-35688-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-00286-5 (ebk) CONTENTS Notes on contributors vii Preface xi On some methodological issues concerning Chinese philosophy: an introduction 1 Bo Mou I Identity of Chinese philosophy 41 1 The emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy 43 Antonio S. Cua II Classical Chinese philosophy (I): Pre-Han period 69 2 The Yi-Jing and Yin-Yang way of thinking 71 Chung-ying Cheng 3 Classical Confucianism (I): Confucius and the Lun-Yü 107 Edward Slingerland 4 The Mohist school 137 Chris Fraser 5 The school of Names 164 Yiu-ming Fung 6 Classical Confucianism (II): Meng Zi and Xun Zi 189 Kim-chong Chong 7 Daoism (I): Lao Zi and the Dao-De-Jing 209 Xiaogan Liu 8 Daoism (II): Zhuang Zi and the Zhuang-Zi 237 Vincent Shen III Classical Chinese philosophy (II): From Han through Tang 267 9 Philosophy in the Han dynasty 269 Yiu-ming Fung 10 Neo-Daoism 303 Alan K.L. Chan 11 Chinese Buddhist philosophy from Han through Tang 324 Whalen Lai (with assistance from Yu-Yin Cheng) CONTENTS IV Classical Chinese philosophy (III): From Song through early Qing 363 12 Neo-Confucianism (I): From Cheng Yi to Zhu Xi 365 Shu-hsien Liu 13 Neo-Confucianism (II): From Lu Jiu-yuan to Wang Yang-ming 396 Shu-hsien Liu 14 Philosophical development in late Ming and early Qing 429 Chung-yi Cheng V Modern Chinese philosophy: From Late Qing through the twenty-first century 471 15 Enlightenment movement 473 Xinyan Jiang 16 Development of dialectical materialism in China 512 Chenshan Tian 17 Contemporary Neo-Confucian philosophy 539 Sor-hoon Tan 18 Constructive engagement of Chinese and Western philosophy: 571 a contemporary trend toward world philosophy Bo Mou Appendixes 1 Comparative chronology of philosophers 609 2 Note on transcription 613 Index 615 vi CONTRIBUTO RS Chan, Alan K.L. is Professor of Philosophy and Associate Provost for undergraduate education at the National University of Singapore. His research focuses on ancient and early medieval Chinese philosophy, especially Daoism. His latest publications include two edited volumes on Philosophy and Religion in Early Medieval China and Interpretation and Literature in Early Medieval China, both to be published by the State University of New York Press. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. Cheng, Chung-yi is Professor in the Philosophy Department at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His primary research interests lie in Confucian philosophy, especially from Song–Ming to contemporary, but he also has a strong interest in comparative philosophy. He has published The Transformation of Confucianism during the Transitional Period of Ming-Qing (in Chinese). An anthology entitled Confucianism, Philosophy and the Modern World (in Chinese) is forthcoming. He is currently writing a book on Ming Confucian philosophy. Cheng, Chung-ying is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA. He received his Ph.D. degree from Harvard University (1964). Cheng is the founder and honorary President of the International Society for Chinese Philosophy and International Society for the Yijing; he is the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Chinese Philosophy. He is the author of many articles and books on Chinese philosophy and comparative philosophy, including Peirce’s and Lewis’s Theories of Induction (1969), Modernization and Universalization of Chinese Culture (1988, in Chinese), New Dimensions of Confucian and New-Confucian Philosophy (1991). He is co-editor of Contemporary Chinese Philosophy (2002). Chong, Kim-chong is Professor in the Division of Humanities, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He previously taught at the National University of Singapore. His interests are in ethics, Chinese philosophy, and comparative philosophy. Two of his recent publications are ‘Zhuangzi and the Nature of Metaphor’ (Philosophy East and West, 56:3, 2006) and Early Confucian Ethics: Concepts and Arguments (2007). Cua, Antonio S. (Ke, Xiong-wen, 1932–2007) obtained his BA from the Far Eastern University (Manila, 1952), MA (1954) and Ph.D. (1958) from the University of California at Berkeley. Cua was Professor of Philosophy at the Catholic University of America. He was past President of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy (1978–9) and the International Society for Chinese Philosophy (1984–6). His numerous articles appeared in many professional CONTRIBUTORS philosophical journals. He is the author of the following books: Reason and Virtue: A Study in the Ethics of Richard Price (1966); Dimensions of Moral Creativity: Paradigms, Principles, and Ideals (1978); The Unity of Knowledge and Action: A Study in Wang Yang-ming’s Moral Psychology (1982); Ethical Argumentation: A Study in Hsun Tzu’s Moral Epistemology (1985); and Moral Vision and Tradition: Essays in Chinese Ethics (1998). Cua was the editor of Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy (2003), co-editor of the Journal of Chinese Philosophy, an associate editor of the International Journal of the Philosophy of Religion, and a member of the Editorial Board of the American Philosophical Quarterly and Philosophy East and West. Fraser, Chris is Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He holds an undergraduate degree from Yale University and graduate degrees from National Taiwan University and the University of Hong Kong. He is currently writing a monograph on Mohist thought. Fung, Yiu-ming is a Chair Professor of the Division of Humanities at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1984. Fung is the author of several books in Chinese, including The Methodological Problems of Chinese Philosophy (1989); Chinese Philosophy in the Ancient Period, 4 vols (1992); Gong-Sun-Long-Zi: A Perspective of Analytic Philosophy (1999); and The Myth of Transcendent Immanence: A Perspective of Analytic Philosophy on Contemporary Neo-Confucianism (2003). He has also published more than eighty research papers in both Chinese and English. Jiang, Xinyan is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Redlands. Her interests are primarily in Chinese philosophy, comparative philosophy, and ethics. She has published in English journals such as the History of Philosophy and Logic, Philosophy East and West, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, Philosophical Inquiry, and Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, and in several anthologies. She is the editor of an anthology, The Examined Life: Chinese Perspectives (2002). She was Chair of the Committee on Asian/Asian American Philosophers and Philosophies of the American Philosophical Association (1998–2002) and a member of the Advisory Committee to the Program Committee of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association (2002–5). Currently, she is Treasurer of the International Society for Chinese Philosophy. Lai, Whalen is Professor in the Program in Religious Studies at the University of California, Davis. He was born in Hong Kong and received his BA in Religion and Philosophy from the International Christian University, Tokyo, and his Ph.D. in Comparative Religion from Harvard University. He is the co-author with Michael von Brück of Buddhismus und Christentum: Geschichte, Konfrontation, Dialog (1997) and has contributed over 100 articles to various journals, dictionaries, and encyclo- pedias on Chinese Buddhism, Asian philosophy, and mythology. He is currently viii CONTRIBUTORS working with Professor Yu-yin Cheng on a study of ghosts in Chinese history after the manner of the French histoire de mentalité. Liu, Shu-hsien earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (1966), taught at SIU-C as a full professor from 1974 to 1981, was chair-professor of philosophy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1981 to 1999. Now he is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at CUHK, adjunct research fellow at the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, Taipei, and also chair-professor of Soochow University and Chengchi University, Taipei. He has published more than twenty books in Chinese including books on Zhu Xi and Huang Zong-xi. His English publications include more than sixty articles and two books: Understanding Confucian Philosophy: Classical and Sung-Ming (1998) and Essentials of Contemporary Neo-Confucian Philosophy (2003). Liu, Xiaogan is Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and Director of the Research Centre for Chinese Philosophy and Culture at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He received his Ph.D. from Peking University, where he has taught and conducted research. His other appointments have taken him to Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Singapore. He is author, editor, and contributor of numerous books and journals, including Classifying the Zhuangzi Chapters (2004), Daoism and Ecology (2001), and ‘From Bamboo Slips to Received Versions: Common Features in the Transformation of the Laozi’ (Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 2003). Many of his books and articles have been translated into English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Mou, Bo is Director of the Center for Comparative Philosophy at San Jose State University, USA. After receiving a BS in mathematics, he received an MA from the Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester, USA. Representative publications include ‘The Enumerative Character of Tarski’s Definition of Truth and its General Character in a Tarskian System’, Synthese (2000), Two Roads to Wisdom? Chinese and Analytic Philosophical Traditions (contributing editor, 2001), ‘A Re-examination of the Structure and Content of Confucius’s Version of the Golden Rule’, Philosophy East and West (2004), and Davidson’s Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy (contributing editor 2006), and Searle’s Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy (contributing editor 2008). Shen, Vincent received his BA and MA from Fu-jen University, Taipei, and his MA and Ph.D. from Université Catholique de Louvain. He is currently the Lee Chair in Chinese Thought and Culture in the Department of Philosophy and the Department of East Asian Studies, and Chair of the Department of East Asian Studies, University of Toronto. His major publications include: Disenchantment of the World: Impact of Science and Technology on Culture (1984), Studies in Contemporary Philosophy East and West (1985), After Physics: The Development of Metaphysics ix